Women and Barriers to their Financial well being/ Barriers for women in relation to financial security - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2365 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? 2.2 Women and Barriers to their Financial well being/ Barriers for women in relation to financial security There are different circumstances faced by women that may create barriers in becoming financially secured in their lives (Morris, 2007). Formal Financial barriers A key constraint for women is the access to adequate financial resources for the success of their business (Minniti, 2009; Jordi, 2009). Different researchers have made the attempt to see how financial institutions behave towards women while granting funds. Empirical studies have established the influence of financial literacy on financial behavior. People with low financial literacy are more likely to have problems with debts (Lusardi Tofano, 2009). Apparently, debt financing is a challenge for women entrepreneurs (Buttner and Rosen, 1992) because of unequal treatment by debt providers, lack of experience in dealing with lending institutions and insufficient credit history and rating (Bel court et al, 1991; Goffee Scase, 1983; Hisrich Brush, 1984). As an example, Kenyan women are almost invisible to formal financial institutions they receive less than 10 percent of commercial credits (Mahbubultlag Human Development Center, 2000). According to the UNIDO report (1995), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“despite evidence that womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s loan repayment rates are higher than menà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s still face more difficulties in obtaining credit,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  often due to the discriminatory attitudes of banks and informal lending groups. In developing countries, women have limited access to funds as they are located in poor rural communities with fewer opportunities to borrow (Starcher, 2008). These women continue to suffer from poor enforcement of financial rights and the existence of poor access to financial resources long with the rigidity of collateral requirements and heavy paperwork are further impediments to women entrepreneurs (Stevenson a nd Jarillo, 2003). Not surprisingly, women struggle for financial assistance as well for their own use. In most regions of the world, fewer women held a account at a formal financial institutiton whereas Sub-Saharan Africa, women are more likely to use an informal saving clubs and not a formal financial institution to save as compared to men. Also, financial inclusion is low in Mexico among women whereby only 22% women have bank accounts (Demirguc-kunt and Klapper, 2012). On the whole, proper access to financial services provides opportunity for improving womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s businesses and the economy of the entire communities and countries. Informal barriers Besides, the home environment plays a role in financial literacy. Parents have the primary responsibility to inculcate financial habits and behaviors to children when they are young (Into, 2003). They have the greatest influence on the way children handle money and instill the attitudes their children have towards saving (Eikmeier, 2007). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Children learn financial management behavior through observation and participation and through intentional instruction by socialized agents (family, siblings, spouse, peers, schools, workplace, media and culture)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Eikmeier, 2007, p.6). Social beliefs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“commonly fail to value womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s contribution to relationships and as a result, women may fail to fight for their financial rights as they themselves lack experience of this recognitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Branigan, 2004, p.16). From a gender outlook, financial attitudes, knowledge and behavior differ for both male and female due to different financial satisfaction during childhood (Lim, Teo and Loo, 2003). In nearly every culture around the world, girls are brought up to be the caretakers while boys are grown up with the expectation to be the breadwinner (Wilhelm, Varcoe Fridrich, 1993). As a result, differences in gender roles and expectations woul d provide different strategies to the financial socialization of boys and girls and consequently, the different levels of financial knowledge among them (FAlahati Pain, 2011). For example, in Nigeria, there is a large power distance and high masculinity and where customs place the obligation on the male child to be the economic provider, emotional protector and leader (Hofstede, 1980) Astonishingly, women may be working and supporting their family financially, still they are not considered as breadwinner (Yodanis, 2007). Women should be less involve in income earning activities but rather should be humble and modest amid the priority given to their roles as wives and mothers (Zakaria, 2001). The interest of the family members is a determinant factor in the realization of women folk business aspirations (Stevenson and Jarillo, 2003). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Having primary responsibilities for children, home and older family members, very few women can devote all their time and energies to t heir businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Starcher, 2008) A potential explanation for womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lower financial literacy may have to do with specialization of tasks within the household. The idea that men acquire greater financial knowledge and skills than women because they specialize in financial decision-making within the household is consistent with the fact that men tend to display higher financial knowledge than women across a wide range of countries. Hsu (2011) finds that financial literacy of older married women in the US increases as they approach widowhood, thus supporting the idea of household division of labor. Women are more likely to have a budget and to keep track of their finances which are a crucial aspect of financially savvy behavior that has to do with short-term money management. Keeping a close watch on every-day financial expenses is a first step in building long-term financial security and avoiding unsustainable levels of debt. In many countries, women have an important role in household money management in large share of couples. As stated by Chen (2002), women have been traditionally responsible for childcare and daily maintenance of activities like household budgets and bill payments. As a result, they are less likely to save for their retirement and more likely to spend their money on children and families. The results were in line with the OECD INFE surveys and other national studies showing that women appear to be better than men at short-term money management behavior. For instance, women in Australia are much more likely than men to regularly keep a budget for their day-to-day finances and more likely to think about ways to reduce their spending (Australian Government and Financial Literacy Foundation, 2008). Results from both the 2006 and 2009 Financial knowledge survey in New Zealand suggest women have used written/electronic records to be in more control of their expenses. Others authors have also argued that women h ave marginally outperformed men on keeping track of their financial affairs (McKay, 2011; Atkinson et al, 2006). However, Evidence from the OECD INFE survey shows that both partners are jointly responsible for day-to-day money management in a majority of households across several countries, weakening the idea of specialization to financial decision-making. Equally, Fonseca et al (2010) and Bucher-koenen et al (2012), studying the US and Dutch population respectively do not find support for the specialization hypothesis. Another challenge for women is that most of them do not receive any education in finance until they are divorced or widowed (Bach, 2002). Studies have shown that women show limited interest in money matters because they feel they have too little knowledge to engage in these issues. It is reasonable to assume that lower access to education can affect opportunities to improve financial literacy. Lusardi (2007) noted that many households are unfamiliar with even the most basic economic concepts needed to make saving and investment decisions. Researchers (Beal, Delpachtra, 2003) assert that financially educated people would know how to manage their money, understand how financial institutions work, and possess a range of analytical skills. Besides, they would know how they should handle their financial affairs and how to be responsible financially. Eikmeier (2007) pointed out that financial education can lead to financial knowledge and positive changes in attitudes, motivation and planned behavior. Women generally have less knowledge about personal finance topics whereby education and experience can impact the financial literacy of women/For women and men, education will improve their financial education /financial literacy can change with education (Chen, 2002). Having a University degree relates to how a woman manages money with a spouse and they are more likely to be involved in the decision making process with their spouse (Yodanis, 2007). K itching and Woldie (2004) note that women entrepreneurs in Nigeria are often inhibited by their relatively low level of education and skills and this generally limits their access to various support services. Goldsmith and Goldsmith (1997) suggest that women score worse than men because in general they are less interested in the topics of investment and personal finance and consequently use financial services more seldom. The term financial literacy is in itself a barrier because it implies that a person may be financially illiterate. Lusardi (2000) defined financial illiteracy as having little knowledge while Bennleim (1994) referred it as a lacking experience in daily financial matters. In a large number of countries, women have lower financial knowledge than men. This is a robust piece of evidence as it holds across developed and developing countries in all regions of the worlds and using different survey instruments, only in very small number of cases gender differences are n ot significant and in a no country women were found to be more knowledgeable than men. Financial illiteracy is widespread and severe among certain groups including women and older Americans (Census, 2000). Empirical research have been carried out to measure the degree and spread of financial literacy among women. Lusardi and Micthell (2007a) argued that less educated people comprising of females, African-American and Hispanics display low financial knowledge which impacted their decisions financially. Since these people were illiterate in basic financial knowledge concepts, they were unsuccessful in planning their retirement period, had low stock market participation and had fewer borrowings. Similarly, an unequal proportion number of women was categorised as being financially illiterate by Hogarth and Hilgerth (2002). Also, female respondents had been known to score lower marks in financial literacy tests (Chen Volpe, 1998; Murphy, 2005; Volpe, Chen Pavlicko, 1996). In the same w ay, women have obtained less correct answers on six numeracy and financial knowledge questions (Alpha Research, 2010; Azerbaijan Micro-Finance Association, 2009). Based on short tests of financial knowledge, in general, all studies portrayed that women have lower levels of financial knowledge in most countries. Consequently, both men and women were found to have low financial knowledge in Russia and East Germany (Bucher-Koenen and Lusardi, 2011; Klapper and Panos, 2011). Limited access to education not only reduce womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial well-being per se, but also limit the extent to which women can improve their knowledge, confidence and skills about economic and financial issues. Money as power/Income Next, making financial choices and discussions concerning money and financial issues can be an emotional area for women. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Money, which may consider a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"measure of successà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, is often a taboo topicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Into, 200 3, P.826). Women tend to attach sentiment to money. Since they were raised as being caregivers and not breadwinners, women are seen to be more uncomfortable talking about money and tend to focus on doing well as opposed to getting rich. As an example, there are different emotions and that often are attached to the issues of saving and investing like the need to save for the family or providing their children with things they need or want. Furthermore, emotions that are attached to money often determine if they will live their lives in comfort or poverty (Bach, 2002; Frankel, 2008). There are also many excuses they use to become less involved in their financial well-being. Some of them include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“someone else will do it, I am not interested in money matters, I do not have enough, I do not have enough time and I just do not want to think about ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Frankel, 2008). Generally, women tend to undervalue their abilities and talents, have less enthusiasm for, lower confidence in and less willingness to learn about personal finance topics (Chen, 2002, p.289). Meeting the family needs is often the contributing factor to the delay in addressing their financial situation. The confidence level of a woman in her ability to make decisions is the difference between knowing something and doing something about it (Foundation, 1998). Results from several sources suggest that women are less confident than men about their financial knowledge. This evidence is largely based on the fact that they are more likely than men to answer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“do not knowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to financial knowledge questions rather than attempt to answer it (OECD INFE Survey, 2013). In addition, women tend to have lower confidence than men also in their ability with financial issues. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Women Understanding Moneyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  study highlighted that women are not very willing to learn more about everyday money management issues like budgeting, saving, dea ling with credit and managing debt where they felt more confident. However the study found that women thought it was important to learn more complex money management issues such as planning for the financial future, understanding rights and responsibilities/understanding financial language and ensuring enough money for retirement. Despite acknowledging the importance to learn, significant number of Australian women held attitudes and beliefs that could limit improvements in money management knowledge and skills. Women were more likely than men to find money stressful, uncomfortable or boring and less likely to feel in control of their financial situation (Australian Government and Financial Literacy Foundation, 2008). Lastly, the concept of risk aversion is an area of concern which relate them to financial decision making. Though there has been some progress in womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial knowledge and confidence in the last 8 years, women still worry about their financial future and are not sure what they need to do (Prudential, 2008). Croson, Gneezy (2004) show that there is a significant difference in risk-taking between men and women. Women are more risk-averse than men and this low-risk tolerance attitude prevent them from accumulating adequate retirement funds and reaching their long term financial goals (Loibl, 2007). Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial literacy would be enhanced by women becoming more risk tolerant and gaining confidence in their math ability and financial decisions (Glass, 1998). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Women want less worry, less aggressive investing, more security and predictability, more simplicity and easier access to understandable financial information (Eikmeier, 2007, p.6). Women exhibit relatively more risk aversion in financial decision-making than men. Charness and Gneezy (2011) conducted a meta-analysis of nine different studies on risk-taking in investment. They find a very consistent result that women invest less and thu s appear to be more financially risk averse than men. Similarly, other researchers reported that women are more risk averse to investment than men (Chen Volpe, Bajtesmit Bernasek,1996, Powell and Ansic, 1997; Agnew et al, 2007). Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial risk aversion and low confidence about their financial skills may reduce their propensity to profit from opportunities in the financial marketplace by limiting their willingness to take financial risks Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Women and Barriers to their Financial well being/ Barriers for women in relation to financial security" essay for you Create order

William Shakespeare Greatest Playwright of All - 1554 Words

William Shakespeare: Greatest Playwright of All William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was a British poet and playwright, he was well known as the greatest writer of all time, he was often called the Bard of Avon.Although many facts of his life remain unknown, his poems and plays are unique and have timeless theme that touch everyone’s heart, and are still widely studied and performed in today’s society. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, England enjoyed a time of prosperity and stability that led to a new era for England. Shakespeare’s works epitomize arts of the Elizabethan Epoch; through his uses of beautiful and poetic language, iambic pentameter is nearly always used in his style of poetry. Shakespeare wrote about timeless themes†¦show more content†¦Likewise, the cultural stories of the people were once again being told in public, and playwrights, including Shakespeare, were widely performed. An good example would be Midsummer Nights Dream, Shakespeare used ancient Celtic and Greek mythological fig ures such as Puck, Oberon, Theseus and placed them in a different time and place, but with their original characteristics. Other plays, such as Romeo and Juliet make references to popular mythological figures like Queen Mab to make the story fit better into their world. Since people of all classes attended plays, playwrights needed to use stories, characters and words that would appeal to everyone. England in the time before the reign of Elizabeth I was under a state of religious turmoil. When Elizabeth I ascended to the throne, she banned the performances all religious plays and stories (except in Church) to help stop the violence over religion. Popular plays were not longer be performed, and playwrights were now free to concentrate on secular stories. They still contained some elements of religion, as did everyday life in Elizabethan England, but it was not the primary focus, nor did it play a particularly important part of the story. Conventions from Medieval religious theatre found its way into Elizabethan Theatre, however, and Shakespeare made good use of them during their performances, such as using the trap doorShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare: Greatest Playwright of All1568 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare: Greatest Playwright of All William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was a British poet and playwright, he was well known as the greatest writer of all time, he was often called the Bard of Avon.Although many facts of his life remain unknown, his poems and plays are unique and have timeless theme that touch everyone’s heart, and are still widely studied and performed in today’s society. 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Listening Assignment free essay sample

This piece is relatively long compared to the music written in previous periods such as Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque. Beethoven is known to have stretched the musical forms of the Classical period, which were already different in nature and length to those in previous periods. This piece appears to be more distorted than other symphonies In the same period; even music in the previous periods almost always followed certain guidelines.The music in the symphony is performed by an orchestra, so there are no vocals and instruments are only responsible for the music. Brass, Strings, woodwinds, and percussion all participate in the creation of sound. There Is constant Interaction between the different instruments. A symphony In the classical period consisted of four movements. The four movements of this symphony are Allegro con brio, Dante con motto, Scherzo, and Allegro. Each of the four movements will be analyzed more specifically. The first movement is in sonata-allegro form, which contains three parts: exposition, development, and recapitulation. We will write a custom essay sample on Listening Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this symphony, Beethoven has revived two musical ideas in the first part of the movement that have the same melody and rhythm, yet different keys. The first musical Idea Is in a low pitched key and It Is repeated during the exposition. However, the second musical Idea sounds In a higher pitched key. The following stage is the development stage, where parts of each musical idea in the exposition are played both individually and combined. This part Is said to be tonally unstable because the keys used often vary from those contrasting each other In the exposition. I would have expected the transition from he development part to the recapitulation to be clearer, however. Beethoven seemed to give more length to the development part as it was one long recapitulation of the two contrasting ideas yet not under strict guidelines. The first movement has been very effective In terms of the emotions It drives. There has been a contrast of angry low pitched emotions and the peaceful high pitched emotions, all within one musical idea of the exposition. I feel there is a battle of conflicting emotions taking place within and between the two contrasting ideas.As a start, such contrast Is felt in the USIA due to changes In dynamics. There Is a louder and softer sound contrasted. Each of these dynamics are responsible for an emotion, where the louder notes represent angry emotions and the softer notes the more peaceful emotions. Timbre is another important contributor to emotional effect, as brass instruments have been used for the low pitched notes and strings for the higher pitched notes. The increase In tempo may reflect the developments taking place In the conflict of emotions, reflecting on which emotion will end up superior in the end. Eel that in the first 1 OFF ere long and there is no longer the strong distinction that existed in the beginning between the two keys. In the second movement, which is also in sonata-allegro form, Beethoven relies on large changes in dynamics to a higher degree. The movement begins with more emphasis on woodwinds and the violin; the same melody was played with few lariats caused by additions from other instruments. It is also evident that this movement is much slower than the previous one. This creates a sense of fulfillment for each emotion because there is more space for expression of both anger and usefulness. The third movement, known as the scherzo, was in ternary form where the scherzo is followed by a trio, then the scherzo once more. A very significant part of this dance movement was the very soft segment that is also relatively the softest of all notes in the symphony. This may be a sign that there is a weakness in the strength of the expression of peaceful emotion; anger may be the dominant emotion n this segment despite the soft dynamics.The fourth movement is polyphonic. There is a lot of variation in rhythm and melody to the point that its not clear whether the pavement is in rondo or sonata-allegro form. The movement is not in presto, which is evident because it is not faster than first movement (allegro). There is also frequent use of imitative polyphony. Imitative polyphony may specifically be more significant in this final movement as it shows potential for a stable and cooperative interaction among the two emotions.This symphony by Beethoven did not immediately become one of his most famous symphonies. Instead, it was the third symphony Errors and the second movement of the seventh symphony that were more frequently performed and demanded. Over he course of the 19th century there has been a gradual increase in the acceptance of symphony no. Gs greatness, as more orchestra began to play it. Source: http://www. NP. Org/templates/story/story. PH? Steroid=5473894 Knolling Amadeus Mozart, 1756-1791. Classical Period. Piano Concerto No. 19, K. 59 Mozart concerto is similar in duration to Beethovens symphony, yet it consists of only three movements. The first movement is in sonata-allegro form as well, while the last movement is usually in rondo which is possible for symphonies as well. Therefore, the main difference in structure is the omission of the minuet/scherzo. This concertos first movement is in sonata-allegro form, but the contrast between two musical ideas is in the same sense the contrast between the whole orchestra playing at one point (tutu) and the piano playing at another point (solo).It felt like the first few minutes introduced the orchestra and the piano separately playing the same melody. As the first movement began to develop, Mozart used a polyphonic technique to create a serene nature around the interactions between the piano and Nodding. That combination of instruments helped give the polyphonic nature a happy and Joyful feeling. Despite the harmony lacking conjunction frequently, the different timbre of the instruments used along with the small range of frequencies did not make me sense instability and t ension. At certain stages, the second movement is much slower than the first. I think that despite the first movement creating a serene and happy mood, the second movement is able to reemphasize that feeling yet in a calmer manner. It can be related to the contrast of a man walking around in the surroundings of a serene location with a smile on his face, and a man sitting down in the same location with the same emotional expression. Instead of having a walking pace as in the first movement, the man sits down and creates a calmer nature to the music.There is also an evident lack brass instruments, with the interactions mainly between the piano and strings. At some points there is imitative polyphony between the piano and the orchestras melody. The tutu and piano seem to be responding to each other in emotional harmony, not necessarily the harmony of notes. Such a Joyful and happy mood is therefore emphasized by the coexisting nature of each instruments sound. The third and final movement is in rondo form, with the refrain repeatedly played y the whole orchestra or smaller groups of instruments.Mozart has played this initial theme repeatedly in different timbres, giving the listener the sense that there is a more common and agreed upon emotion. This movement is also different in the sense that the piano plays different melodies than that of the orchestra and does not try to imitate their melody. Despite claiming that there is a common emotion expressed by the orchestra, the piano is more separated than in any other movement. What caused this separation is not known, but the pianos melody has a ore individually stronger nature, possibly a state reached as a result of more coherent nature of the tutu.

Learning English as a Second Language for Chinese Students

Learning English as a second language, students should pay much attention to the relationship between environment and language as these factors are very important. Students should learn not only the language itself, but pay much attention to the history of the country, its customs and values.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Learning English as a Second Language for Chinese Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper is aimed at Chinese students who have just got down to learning English as a second language. These students should know the pitfalls and the difficulties they are going to face. Those who have never learnt another language are not really aware of the situation they are going to face with. Another language is not just a collection of the symbols which should be arranged in an appropriate order, it is another culture which may be understood only when collaboration is observed. Only working t ogether, only trying to understand the main idea of the American and British nature Chinese students will get the main idea of the language, will be able to learn it. Communication and cooperation with native speakers is exactly what is meant. Students should understand that they have great opportunity to cooperate with native speakers either in the centers or in other particular places, such as social networks, etc. Therefore, it may be concluded that cooperation and the opportunity to speak with the native speakers are really important factors for becoming a good learner. This essay is created for those who have just begun to study English as a second language as they are to know the peculiarities of the learning process and the difficulties they are to overcome in the future to succeed. Works Cited Facebook. Facebook.com. 2011. Web. Love, Tim. What is culture? 2008. Yomiury: Media Kit. Web. This article on Learning English as a Second Language for Chinese Students was written and submitted by user Jayda Leach to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Man Sized Job Essays - Sharlot Hall, British Poetry,

Man Sized Job Man-Sized Job was written by Sharlot Hall (1870-1943). It is a poem that defines a woman's work from a man's point of view. Poems like this were uncommon in the late 1800's ? early 1900's, especially if women wrote them. The two aspects of this poem that I would like to analyze are the vocabulary used and the male chauvinistic point-of-view. If it weren't for these two exaggerated aspects, the poem would not have as strong of a meaning. The vocabulary used in this poem is far form proper. It is an exaggeration used to make men sound less intelligent than they think they are. Sharlot Hall wants men to sound less intelligent in this poem because the poem is from a man's point of view on what a woman's work should be. It is obvious to anyone that reads this poem that Hall is completely disagrees with the typical male point of view on what women should and should not do. Another reason for the language that is used is to make the men sound uneducated. Hall is hinting to her audience that women are actually smarter than men. Although she is taking a playful shot at men, the way she goes about it makes this poem enjoyable for both sexes. The chauvinistic point-of-view in this poem is obvious. It is greatly exaggerated so that Hall can get her point across to her audience clearly. She also uses it to get the audience on her side of the issue. This is a powerful tool that can be used. When someone reads a poem and they take they authors point-of-view on a subject, the poem becomes that much more interesting. This adds to the entertainment value of the poem. After all, the purpose of a poem should be to entertain and catch the interest of an audience. Hall uses this technique to her advantage. Her use of the chauvinistic point-of-view is probably the key to this poem being great. The two aspects of this poem that I analyzed in this paper were essential to the success of this poem. Both the vocabulary used by Hall and the male chauvinistic point-of-view expressed were essential in getting her point across to her audience. Although both tools were exaggerated dramatically, it was necessary for the reason behind the poem. In my opinion, this poem was written for one reason. This reason is to simply make fun of men and their attitudes. Hall did an excellent job. Poetry Essays

History of Management Thought

History of Management Thought The Hawthorne experiment remains one of the most debated and controversial studies conducted in the field of management thought that has received both praise and criticism at the same time (Wren and Bedeian 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Management Thought specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Much of the criticism regarding the study revolves around Elton Mayo, a researcher from Harvard Business School. The study was initiated by researchers from Western Electric and Harvard University and its main aim was to examine the impact of different environmental variables on the production of a group of workers at Western Electric Company (Gale 2004). The workers were divided into control group and test group. Variables were introduced to the test group while the controlled group worked under constant conditions. Pennock and Stoll, the engineers in charge of the experiment, first began manipulating the lightin g of the test group. The performance of test group increased with better lighting but the performance of the controlled group increased as well to which no changed were made in the lighting conditions (Gillespie 1988). The experimenters then reduced the lighting of the test group but this did not have any effect on the increasing productivity of both the groups even when the lighting was made so dim that it was becoming difficult to see (Gillespie 1988). The researchers concluded that the lighting had no significant effect on the performance of the workers and that psychology of the workers was the only factor influencing the result of the research (Zerega 2008). The main purpose of the experiment was to improve the overall experience of work of the employees to increase the productivity of the workers. The experiment, however, initially failed to do so and was unable to recognize factors that had any impact on the productivity of the workers. The conclusion made by the experimenter s, that there was a psychological factor involved in the motivation of the workers, came as a shock in the management thought because prior to this study it was believed economic interest was the only factor responsible for individual motivation. It was concluded that the reason why the productivity of the workers increased was because these women were given attention for the first time and they were trying to please the experimenters no matter what the working conditions were (Gillespie 1988).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After that a number of studies were conducted to study the behaviour of the workers and to discover how the workers can be motivated so maximise productivity. A number of factors came to the surface while these studies were conducted. The three findings of the Hawthorne studies which I would like to exploit as a manager would be the Mica-Split ting Test group (1928 – 1930), Plant-wide Interview program (1928 – 1931), and Bank Wiring Observation group (1931 – 1932) (Rice 2010). The Mica-Splitting test group was established after the researchers found that the performance of the workers improved when they were rewarded for their good performance (Rice 2010). The main purpose of this study was to find out whether the pay scale of the workers had any impact on the performance of the workers. The researchers introduced different variables to the work environment while they pay was kept constant. Researchers discovered that the performance of the workers increased by about 15 per cent (Brannigan and Zwerman 2001). The researchers established that factors other than pay have a significant effect on the performance of the workers and the social conditions played a very important role in the performance of the workers (Brannigan and Zwerman 2001). This study can be used by the management to discover other fact ors which increase the productivity of the workers without increasing their pay. The plant-wide interview program was conducted from 1928 to 1931. The Western Electric company wanted to avoid any possible conflict between their members and to achieve this, the personnel director of Western Electric said that â€Å"[The management] must really know what the employee thinks, what are the worker’s satisfactions and aspirations, andset up management policies that will synchronize with the worker’s viewpoint and compel thereby this cooperation† (Cohen 1990 pp.173). To achieve this, the researchers conducted plant-wide interviews of the employees to hear the problems of the workers and improve the worker-management relationship (Swanson 2006). The researchers discovered that attention paid to the employees by the supervisors had a positive effect on the work of the employees and increased their productivity (Swanson 2006). By using this technique, the overall producti vity of a company can be improved without causing any extra costs to the company. Another important finding of the Hawthorne experiments that I would like to use as a manager is that ofBank Wiring observation group conducted in 1931-32. Nine men were selected for the bank wiring observation group. They were being paid on the piecework incentive pay system, i.e. they were being paid according to the amount of work that they were doing and it was expected that the productivity of the workers would rise with time (Ornstein and Lunenburg 2008). Researchers found that the workers, instead of doing their best and trying to increase their productivity, established a group norm accepted by all the workers(Ornstein and Lunenburg 2008). They had established a â€Å"standard level of acceptable output† and any worker who produced more was called a â€Å"rate-buster† and persons who produced less than the standard output were called â€Å"chislers† (Ornstein and Lunenburg 2 008 pp.7).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Management Thought specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It was also observed that the raqte busters were being threatened by other workers to reduce their output while the chislers were encouraged to increase their productivity(Ornstein and Lunenburg 2008). This kind of trend should not be alloed in the working environment because this hinder the performance and abilities of the workers who are capable of doing better work. Elton Mayo used the term â€Å"pessimistic reverie† to explain the negative state of mind of the workers which decreased their productivity. Mayo believed that it was the job of the managers to educate workers about the importance of their role and to use positive and relative reveries to concentrate on their work (Mayo 1924). According to Mayo, anything which passed negative vibes was a pessimistic reverie, such as a person who walked awkw ardly across machines stretching was actually exhibiting physical fatigue which was intensified by the reveries (Trahair and Zaleznik 2009). He held the managers responsible for improving the employee’s experience of work and suggested rest breaks to minimize the pessimistic reveries. He was also concerned with the rootlessness of the workers which he called anomie (Whyte and Nocera 2002). Mayo believed that lack of societal norms, i.e. anomie, would lead to isolation which would decrease the motivation of the workers. Frederick Taylor (1856-1915) was one of the people who applied theories and scientific management to business in order to produce more value for the stakeholder (Farzaneh 2009). Taylor has written in his book the Principles of Scientific Management, about how the efficiency of the workers can be improved and how management can get rid of the inefficiency of worker by applying scientific principles and laws(Taylor 2008). The findings of Mayo and other researcher s are different from the findings of Taylor because the Hawthorne studies proved that factors the economic ones affected the productivity. These studies proved Taylor wrong and focused more on how the work experience of the employees could be made better instead of just focusing on increased value for the stakeholders by making the employees work more than they can making their work experience negative. The methods of the Hawthorne researchers were also different from those of Taylor. Where Taylor used scientific methods and principles, the Hawthorne researchers studied the psychology of the workers and observed their behavior and what influenced it.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main contribution of the Hawthorne studies to the history of management thought is that it introduced a whole new dimension to the management techniques and proved that many factors influence the workers not just one as it was previously believed. Another important contribution of the Hawthorne studies is that it revealed that responding to the worries of the workers and paying attentions to their grievance can increase the productivity without any extra expense. It also helped recognize the environmental conditions affecting the productivity of the workers. All these important factors were not known before these studies, hence it is correct to say that the Hawthorne studies revolutionized the management thought it its own way and introduced new concepts. It also acknowledged the importance of the workers psychology in a company and how it can drastically effect the environment and output. List of References Brannigan, A. and Zwerman, W., 2001. The real Hawthornes effect. Societ y, pp.55-60. Cohen, L., 1990. Making a new deal: Industrial workers in Chicago. New York: Press Sundicate of the University of Cambridge. Farzaneh, A., 2009. Management, job satisfactin, and teamwork. Web. Gale, E.A.M., 2004. The Hawthorne studies- a fable for our times?. Oxford Journal Medicine, pp.439-49. Gillespie, R., 1988. The Hawthorne experiments and the politics of experimentation. The rise of experimentation in American psychology, pp.114-37. Mayo, E., 1924. The basis of industrial psychology. Bulletin of the Taylor Society, pp.249-59. Ornstein, A.C. and Lunenburg, F.C., 2008. Educational administration: concepts and practices. Belmont: Cengage Learning. Rice, B., 2010. The Hawthorne defect: Persistence of a flawed theory. Web. Swanson, K., 2006. The success of emplye to management relations at Western Electric Hawthorne plant. Web. Taylor, F.W., 2008. The principles of scientific management. London: Forgotten Book. Trahair, R.C.S. and Zaleznik, A., 2009. Elton Mayo: the hu manist temper. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. Whyte, W.H. and Nocera, J., 2002. The organization man. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Wren, D. and Bedeian, A., 2009. The evolution of management thought. John Wiley Sons. Zerega, Blaise. 2008. Art of knowledge management. InfoWorld, Vol. 20, No. 30, p. 61.

Cultural Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cultural Issues - Essay Example The cultural variety today becomes a very significant issue in the research field of international relations, first of all for the best understanding of laws of social life, an organization of statehood and management in complex communities, prevention and resolution of conflicts. There is no doubt that cultural factor is obviously present in the modern policy of international relations. Robert Garson (â€Å"extra information†) states: â€Å"issues of culture, rights, and justice drive international relations and international politics in a certain direction†. Moreover, according to Garson, culture is very important because: The cultural variety today becomes a very significant issue in the research field of international relations, first of all for the best understanding of laws of social life, an organization of statehood and management in complex communities, prevention and resolution of conflicts. There is no doubt that cultural factor is obviously present in the mo dern policy of international relations. Robert Garson (â€Å"extra information†) states: â€Å"issues of culture, rights, and justice drive international relations and international politics in a certain direction†. Moreover, according to Garson, culture is very important because:†¢ â€Å"It is the key to our social and ultimately individual identity†;†¢ â€Å"if to look at the rhetoric of international politics, that rhetoric is actually wrapped up in cultural phrases. People talk of themselves as being French or Tanzanian or American, they use these identities†;†¢ â€Å"culture is actually one of the organizing principles of most political communities†.For the first time, the question on cultural variety arises in world politics after the First World War I when the countries-winners have formulated the doctrine of self-determination on an ethnocultural basis as the mechanism of the abolition of imperial states of Austria-Hungary, O ttoman Turkey, Imperial Germany and Imperial Russia. A certain formula of "national self-determination" gradually began to gain a foothold as the international norm of state formation.  There was an idea that the society should be culturally homogeneous.

Team goal and team member characteristics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team goal and team member characteristics - Essay Example From a psychological and moral perspective, individualism is the concept that people should think, act and judge things autonomously following their conscience. As members of the British Triathlon team, they have an obligation to fulfill. This obligation needs team members to offer high level of individual independence and accountability and providing them with a chance to follow their initiative and desire. Individualism comes with personal responsibility. The three members of the British Triathlon team have demonstrated the art of being responsible. Personal responsibility shows ones wisdom and maturity. Having the right attitude helps in avoiding the creation of unnecessary problems in life. There are situations when difficulties happen out of one’s control. Sometimes, this is usually unavoidable but with personal responsibility, one is likely to optimistically pounce back and respond (Pritchett 33). Teamwork is evident in the British Triathlon team in that members interact freely and share their experiences about the game. They have established a productive environment, which allows team members development of interpersonal skills that fosters partnership and collaboration rather than rivalry and competition. Diversity in the British Triathlon comes into play when people from different backgrounds in terms of culture and skills are in the same working environment. Diversity will encompass gender, race, ethnicity, age, personality, and educational background. The British Triathlon team took advantage of diversity by incorporating their coach Malcolm Brown. This has enabled them to achieve cohesive in the workplace and achieve set goals. Alistair and Jonathan embraced diversity in the sense that since Malcolm Brown was introduced as a coach; they have cooperated and worked as a team in order to meet their goals. To ensure Smooth Corporation of team members, they have

Jewish Diaspora Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jewish Diaspora - Essay Example Despite this assurance, the Jewish still faced the threat of assimilation in Latin America. Anti-Semitism experience of the Jewish in Argentina, United States and Latin America all conform the Jewish way of life was untenable while in diaspora. Religion was the major factor that determined the way the Jewish regarded the different parts of the world and the places they preferred to migrate to. It was after the improved relationship among Chile, Brazil and Argentina that reduces the national armies competiveness and growth presages on the security agreements on religion after the introduction of Democracy in Latin America that gave room for the Jewish to transverse such nations. The political events in the countries in Latin America left a great mark on the communities made up of the Jewish (Elkin and Merkx 157). The democratic regimes led to the Jewish communities to open up thus giving room for reconsideration of the position taken by the Israel and Zionism in the life of the Jewish. The Jewish presence in Latin America left a great mark and following this, the Jewish power has been regarded to be highly organized. The impact was influenced by the social services offered by the Jewish immigrants. Despite their contributions, most of their welfare needs were not met. These situations forced the immigrants to come up with communal organizations similar to those earlier practiced in Africa, Europe and Middle East (Elkin and Merkx 189). The needs and situations faced by the Jewish immigrants changed their priorities from religious congregations. Some of the issues that the Jewish gave priority included; having a legal permit to establish a Jewish Cemetery, charity organization, the desire to be informed and publish their opinions thus the establishment of the vigorous press, the urge to continue practicing religion especially at the time both antireligious and religious factions were facing many turmoil; the Jewish had to remain apathetic towards the

Summary Of Neutral Tones By Thomas Hardy English Literature Essay

Summary Of Neutral Tones By Thomas Hardy English Literature Essay The speaker addresses an estranged lover and reminisces about a foreseen moment in their past, from where he already anticipates the demise of their relationship. The first three stanzas (lines 1-12) describe the past incident when the speaker faces the bleak moments of a break up process. The speaker is mentally perturbed by the disillusions of love, believing that things were once beautiful. He is frustrated when love perishes and felt deceived by the sweet promises love had to offer. It started off with cold winter where the speaker stood by a pond with his lover and everything was neutral in colour with sombre effects of whites and greys to depict the sense of hopelessness and death in all living things. The tension gradually picks up in the second stanza where the speaker explores deeper into the nature of their relationship: Your eyes on me were as eyes that rove over tedious riddles solved years ago., which is interpreted to mean that the couple had repeated fights with no progress in their relationship. The insignificance of their communication exposed through the tired and morbid undertone seen in lines such as And some words played between us to and fro-. This shows fundamental flaws in their communication, making a meaningful relationship seem impossible. The first line of the third stanza describing her smile contains a disheartening oxymoron. Usually, a facial gesture would be associated with happiness and joy; where as in Neutral Tones the smile is des cribed as the deadest thing. The cold causality of the gesture serves as reminder to the bitterness of the poem. This oxymoronic metaphor continues, with the phrase: alive enough to have the strength to die. This phrase further enhances the emotional turmoil experienced by the speaker, presenting a horrifying image of something that just has enough energy to die. Based from this line, the speaker had already known that his lover would deceive him in love; just as her smile that defeats the purpose of joy and happiness. Lastly, the fourth stanza reflects upon the memories of the past incident and explains on the nature of love. It is a sad, pessimistic and melancholic poem that portrays love as painful and never lasting till it is fragilely doomed. What meanings do you find in the title? The poet tells on the termination of a relationship creates its melancholic note in the title itself, called Neutral Tones. Ironically, the colours of landscape are neutral but the lovers features, as in her eyes and smile, may seemed neutral but they are in fact bitter and hurtful. Throughout the poem, a variety of techniques are used to highlight sadness and emotions in the speaker with soothing yet depressing language that functions on duality. Neutrality effects from the poem may seem calm and soothing, yet it contradicts to the real meaning of the context, which actually depicts hopelessness and disillusionments about love. Explain in your own words the metaphor in line 2. In line 2, Hardy uses a very neutral monosyllabic word like the sun was white, as though chidden of God. The sun that normally appears to be yellow, symbolizes happiness and life. But in Neutral Tones, as the title suggests that all living things and nature becomes sombre in colour, which in this context the sun becomes white to create the feelings of frigidity as well as to symbolize the coldness of the relationship within the poem. The speaker once thought that love would be a happy and lively feeling of joy, instead of having a tragic ending of coldness towards the relationship. Sadly, even a possible hope of love has been chidden of God as if it is cursed and forbidden. What connotations appropriate to this poem does the ash (line 4) have that oak or maple would lack? The ash carries a double meaning, where as oak and maple merely mean a type of tree. Unlike the maple and oak, ash could also means a grey powdery substance that is left after something is burnt besides having another meaning as a type of tree. In other words, Hardy uses ash to connote to the demise of the speakers relationship as well as the love that fades in time. Hardy creates a gloomy environment with a grey ash to emit the ambiance of a winter season where everything is neutral in colour. The few leaves, which have fallen from the ash gives hint towards the dying of life. Yet, it is not life that died, but love. What visible objects in the poem function symbolically? What actions or gestures? The setting contributes to a mood of torpor or constriction the sun is white, as if drained of all its vitality. Dead leaves lie on the ground as a reminder of the end of the natural cycle of life and death. These leaves are grey and come from an ash: Both words reinforce the gloominess of this colorless, inert scene. Essentially, Hardy creates a dying environment to symbolize a perishing relationship. In addition to serving as an objective correlative, the bleak world Hardy describes in Neutral Tones also symbolizes the speakers dead relationship. Through his use of imagery, construction of the poem, and paradoxes, Hardy creates a bleak world of once-beautiful things lying in despair, which invokes a sense of hopelessness and melancholia in the reader. The description of the womans glance and their conversation suggests that their love had become boring and meaningless to her. Things become even direr in stanza 3, when the lovers smile is likened-in a metaphor instead of the simile of stanza 2-to the deadest thing/ Alive, and her bitter grin is compared to an ominous bird aà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢wing. use of symbolism is the ominous bird a-wing, this could have been put in as a kind of prolepsis to the final stanza, the ominous bird representing his know shattered trust, the word ominous almost suggest something paganistic about this. The pain predicted by this bitter grin is confirmed in stanza 4 the death of their relationship, but even more pain and suffering followed in the deceptions and wrongs that ensued. The vagueness and generalized tone of this last stanza implies that the assertion that love deceives, / and wrings with wrongs is a generalization that applies to all love, not just this particular love.

International Trade Essay -- Economics essays research papers

International Trade What is International Trade?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  International trade is defined as trade between two or more partners from different countries in the exchange of goods and services. In order to understand International trade, we need to first know and understand what trade is, which is the buying and selling of products between different countries. International Trade simply is globalization of the world and enables countries to obtain products and services from other countries effortlessly and expediently.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  International trade has been in existence throughout history and has an economic impact on the participating countries. Trade in most countries has a share of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and helps to boost the countries overall economy on a yearly basis. International Trade for the United States is available to all business and companies and is flourishing, even though as a country we import more goods than we export, which affects our country’s economy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the central body of the multilateral trading system-based in Geneva. The WTO primary job is to oversee the functioning and administration of trade agreements, including dispute settlements and serves as a forum for future trade negations and law makings. The WTO review legal matters and disputes and is the reviewing body or â€Å"watchdog† over international trade. The WTO agreements cover goods, services, intellectual property and set procedures and the govern...

Benefit of Telemedicine

Nowadays, telemedicine, which is defined as using of telecommunication technology to provide clinical care to individuals at distant sites and the transmission of medical and surgical information and images needed to provide that care (Mosby’s Medical dictionary, 8th edition, 2009), has become a powerful tool in the world to enhance better health care due to widespread of modern technology. In developing countries, remote areas seem to be isolated and lack of qualified doctors or physicians as well as equipments, that’s why telemedicine will be provided a potential benefits to them. This essay will highlight prodigious benefits of telemedicine. The most important advantages of telemedicine is allowing long-distant people to access advanced healthcare services and cost efficiencies. Scottish Centre for Telehealth had claimed that 99 percent of patients were more convenience with remote care and 95 percent of them widely felt acceptable with services (Jose, 2009, Internet). It also added that it can provided physicians and long distance patients interact in a clinical consultation. For example, the indigenous people who live in Ratanakiri 2004 had health problems because they rarely got treatment and often die due to lack of medical facilities and doctors. However, telemedicine nowadays can help them to receive conventional healthcare services and offer the possibility to consult with professional doctors over video link. Also, at the health centre needs nurses to conduct medical checkup by interviewing, examination and taking photographs and then send all these information via solar powered computer to physicians at Sihanouk Hospital Center of Hope in Phnom Penh or partners in Massachusetts to confirm diagnosis, recommend drugs and treatment procedure to the clinic (Hopebuilding Wiki, 2011, Internet). Furthermore, patients no longer need to travel long distance for healthcare because they not only can access these services in their communities but also gain effective treatment with accurate diagnosis of their illness. Therefore, healthcare cost could significantly decrease due to deducing travel expense, accommodation and hospital services fee (Sharma, 2000. 1529). More notably, over long term period, telemedicine can save billions of dollars for healthcare services (Premiere Telemedicine, 2008, Internet). Secondly, telemedicine provides a great opportunity to improve medical knowledge and practices. It is designed to help local healthcare practitioners and physicians broaden their knowledge and they can be trained and guided by local and international specialists to practice in the real work. In Cambodia, 2 telemedicine clinic projects in Robib village and Ratanakiri Referral Hospital were cooperated not only with Harvard associated medical doctors and Sihanouk Hospital Centre of Hope but also partner in Massachusetts. If medical staffs or doctors face difficulties whether in dealing with health problems or cannot confirm diagnosis of patient’s illness, they can access through email based telemedicine program to discuss with expertise or physicians (Heinzelman, 2011, Internet). In addition, India’s telemedicine also provides an opportunity to doctors to build up their education and skill through interaction with expert via satellite based tele-link and linking with Medical Institution with Specialty Hospitals and Research Centres (ISRO, 2005, Internet). As a result, medical staffs can dramatically improve their education and training through the telemedicine process. The last but not least, telemedicine enables home healthcare services. Patients can recently be inspected through mobile phone, Bluetooth wireless sensors and other hi-tech systems to check their health condition, upload and update data to their doctors. Consequently, these devices can be helped patients who are old or have some diseases such as cardiac disorders as well as diabetes to receive self routine check-up and especially they need to visit clinic only in emergency case or absolutely necessary. For instant, according to Honeywell, an American industrial giant, doctors can monitor and manage health condition of patients who have lung diseases and heart problems by measuring peak lung flow, ECG, oxygen saturation and blood pressure. Thus, they can analyze the data to find some problems or changing dose of medication (Harben et al, 2008). In conclusion, there are tremendous positive aspects of telemedicine such as enhancing health care services to rural areas or isolated areas, cost efficiencies, improving medical knowledge and practices as well as providing home healthcare. In my personality, I absolutely agree with positive aspects of telemedicine. Even though it needs to spend much money to establish this service initially, it will provide a huge long-term benefits to our country.

Residency Essay Tips

Residency Essay Tips In previous pages we have discussed the importance of honesty and brevity in residency program personal statements. Now, however, I would like to take this opportunity to review the importance of specific information in a residency essay. Specifics are not only crucial to the overall tone of a good statement, but the informational value as well. Heres a good rule of thumb to use when writing your personal statement: dont beat around the bush. The directors reading your statement are interested in knowing your personals objectives and career goals in the shortest amount of time possible. Therefore get straight to the point and leave zero room for speculation. Specifics are exactly what directors want to know about potential residents. Exactly what made you want to pursue a PhD? Precisely why didnt you get better grades in school? Specifically what made you want to apply for residency at this particular institution? The more directly you can answer these and other such questions, the better your personal residency will reflect on you. Writing a residency essay requires a tremendous amount of work and patience, so be certain to give yourself plenty of time. In the meanwhile, if you would like help in writing your residency statement or if you would like to know more writing a quality residency program personal statement, please access the link provided. This link will direct you to an excellent essay writing resource where you can find help and info.

Free Essays on Harper

In the 1850’s, the matter of slavery was beginning to separate the United States, forcing people to side with either the North, which was for the elimination of slavery, or with the South, which had far more need of slaves. In the North, abolitionist groups were becoming more and more adamant that the slaves be set free immediately without compensation to their owners, while the Southerners were growing increasingly resolute that no one would force them to release them before they were ready and willing to do so. Five years prior to the raid of Harper’s Ferry, the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act passed by Congress broadened the gap between the two opposing sides. In 1854, Kansas and Nebraska were still territories of the United States that had been obtained from France in the 1803 Louisiana Purchase. This statute declared that the settlers of these regions could determine for themselves whether or not to allow slavery. The passage of this piece of legislation ignored the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which had allowed the practice of slavery in Missouri and any new territories south of the 36Â ° 30’ latitude line. Both Kansas and Nebraska were above that line, and clearly should have been automatically declared free regions. Opponents of slavery were furious at this blatant disregard of the Missouri Compromise, which had been such an important law because both the North and South feared that the other would become more powerful through the addition of new territories adhering to their especial stance on slavery. For the past thirty-four years, this act had prevented slavery from spreading into the North, and once the law had been passed over due to the efforts of Southern legislators, what was to stop it from taking over the nation? Enraged abolitionists made the decision to converge their efforts on Kansas in an attempt to save it from becoming part of the slave-state group. Their violent undertaking, and the fight of the Sout... Free Essays on Harper Free Essays on Harper In the 1850’s, the matter of slavery was beginning to separate the United States, forcing people to side with either the North, which was for the elimination of slavery, or with the South, which had far more need of slaves. In the North, abolitionist groups were becoming more and more adamant that the slaves be set free immediately without compensation to their owners, while the Southerners were growing increasingly resolute that no one would force them to release them before they were ready and willing to do so. Five years prior to the raid of Harper’s Ferry, the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act passed by Congress broadened the gap between the two opposing sides. In 1854, Kansas and Nebraska were still territories of the United States that had been obtained from France in the 1803 Louisiana Purchase. This statute declared that the settlers of these regions could determine for themselves whether or not to allow slavery. The passage of this piece of legislation ignored the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which had allowed the practice of slavery in Missouri and any new territories south of the 36Â ° 30’ latitude line. Both Kansas and Nebraska were above that line, and clearly should have been automatically declared free regions. Opponents of slavery were furious at this blatant disregard of the Missouri Compromise, which had been such an important law because both the North and South feared that the other would become more powerful through the addition of new territories adhering to their especial stance on slavery. For the past thirty-four years, this act had prevented slavery from spreading into the North, and once the law had been passed over due to the efforts of Southern legislators, what was to stop it from taking over the nation? Enraged abolitionists made the decision to converge their efforts on Kansas in an attempt to save it from becoming part of the slave-state group. Their violent undertaking, and the fight of the Sout... Free Essays on Harper In the 1850’s, the matter of slavery was beginning to separate the United States, forcing people to side with either the North, which was for the elimination of slavery, or with the South, which had far more need of slaves. In the North, abolitionist groups were becoming more and more adamant that the slaves be set free immediately without compensation to their owners, while the Southerners were growing increasingly resolute that no one would force them to release them before they were ready and willing to do so. Five years prior to the raid of Harper’s Ferry, the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act passed by Congress broadened the gap between the two opposing sides. In 1854, Kansas and Nebraska were still territories of the United States that had been obtained from France in the 1803 Louisiana Purchase. This statute declared that the settlers of these regions could determine for themselves whether or not to allow slavery. The passage of this piece of legislation ignored the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which had allowed the practice of slavery in Missouri and any new territories south of the 36Â ° 30’ latitude line. Both Kansas and Nebraska were above that line, and clearly should have been automatically declared free regions. Opponents of slavery were furious at this blatant disregard of the Missouri Compromise, which had been such an important law because both the North and South feared that the other would become more powerful through the addition of new territories adhering to their especial stance on slavery. For the past thirty-four years, this act had prevented slavery from spreading into the North, and once the law had been passed over due to the efforts of Southern legislators, what was to stop it from taking over the nation? Enraged abolitionists made the decision to converge their efforts on Kansas in an attempt to save it from becoming part of the slave-state group. Their violent undertaking, and the fight of the Sout...

Film script Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Film script - Essay Example But her daddy and most members of her family who were also teachers really wanted Apple to try being a teacher for once. Her hopes were gone but her options were limited and so she had to prepare for her National Service to be a teacher. Her parents who did not want Apple to know that they were happy she was going to be part of the family profession after all for at least one year pretended to be sharing in her displeasure. They helped her relocate and before she realized, she had started teaching a class of 34 students in a very remote village. The whole condition of service was not appealing because she was without most of the luxuries she received from her lovely family back home. Sudden Invitation to Fly As a way of proving a point to Apple that she was surely going to succeed into become a very great teacher, her parents called her very often to encourage her and provide her with almost every other thing they thought would make her life a good one. But Apple was just refusing to adjust, given the fact that she was seeing herself as a round peg in a square hole. One Friday afternoon after her second break, she saw a Mercedes Benz car come to pack in the compound of her school. Readily, she identified the car as that of her head of department, back at the university. Apple was invited to the office of her headmistress and the news she was met with was the greatest shock she was yet to receive in her life. Her head of department informed her that he had been asked to bring one female girl from her department to undertake a Masters Level scholarship program as an international student in Cameroon, Africa and that she was the one he had spotted to go. Traveling abroad had always been the ambition of Apple, no matter where the opportunity was going to fall. But inwardly, what was going to be even more satisfying was the fact that she was going to leave the classroom. This did not even make her think of the fact that the departure was going to be as sudden as onl y 1 week away. 1 Week of Absolute Silence Within a very short time, all the necessary processes had gone through and Apple was set to leave her beloved parents for an entirely new continent, which was the African continent. The Master Program she was going to pursue was a delight for her but the experience of exploring the much talked about African continent was another area of motivation. To her dismay, Apple will arrive in Cameroon as a total stranger than she thought she was actually going to be. Apple suffered the disadvantage of technology that makes us no longer give meaning to the use of paper and pen. This is because upon reaching Cameroon, her phone got automatically locked for change in point of registration. Meanwhile, she did not have the phone numbers of any of her family members off head. Not even that of her newly found boyfriend back home could be recalled off head. As though it was going to be a problem she was going to overcome easily, for a whole week, she had not got someone around to unlock her phone for her. After two days of not having the means for her people to know her fate, desperation, anxiety and disappointment started setting in. by the time the first week was over and her phone was successfully unlocked, she had not seen anything like sleep, eating or learning. This is because her concentration was totally gone. Even though she had access to emails, she found her dad had not been checking his mails frequently. Lack of Adjustability

Individual Reflective Summary of the Project - How the reflection has Essay

Individual Reflective Summary of the Project - How the reflection has helped you in your learning about knowledge management in - Essay Example The conclusion of this procedure is evident in transformed conceptual viewpoints (Boyd and Fales, 1983). Boyd and Fales concentrated more on self actualisation. Here refection not only enhances the existing information, but challenges the theories and belief systems that are accepted. Atkins and Murphy (1994) improved on this concept by proposing that for reflection to have real effect on the people who practice it, it has to be followed by an intention to act according to the information acquired from reflection. The only issue that is not comprehensively addressed by these different observations of reflection is that they do not address the significance of having action come after reflection. Reflection refers to the dynamic, continual and careful assessment of any kind of knowledge on the basis of its supporting premises and any potential conclusions (Dewey, 2009). Reflection is indicative of the fact that a concept is disbelieved or believed because of some data, evidence, or bas is for that belief. Dewey (2009) stated that there are some three qualities that are evident in most reflective people: liberalism, wholeheartedness, and responsibility. Open-mindedness or being liberal denotes having the capacity to listen and accept more than one explanation of an issue (Hislop, 2009). It also means listening to different perspectives, and acknowledging the fact that even the accepted facts can be questioned. Responsibility refers to the desire to dynamically seek for truth and use the facts that have been revealed in particular problem situations (Fitzgerald 1994). Wholeheartedness is suggestive of the fact that a person can conquer his or her uncertainties and fears by making significant changes, as well as by assessing him or herself and the society at large (Samter and Burleson, 1984). Dewey observed that there were five stages of reflective thought: 1. Suggestion: A challenging situation is construed as being problematic, and a number of proposals are created and viewed as being potential solutions. 2. Intellectualisation: The consequences of the problem have been experienced, and are intellectualised so that the difficulty may be resolved. 3. Guiding Concept: One proposal after another is employed to be a potential solution, or hypothesis; the primary proposal can actually be perceived as a working hypothesis to start and direct observation as well as other functions in the gathering of factual material. 4. Reasoning: Reasoning connects all past and present concepts and contributes towards elaborating on the fact that the reflective inquiry has revealed 5. Hypothesis Testing: The refined concept is agreed upon, and the examination of this hypothesis commences (Dewey, 2009). Dewey viewed reflection as a kind of liberty from the practice of routine behaviour. He affirmed that reflection frees people from impulsiveness as well as routine behaviour. It allows them to direct our actions through foresight, and makes it possible for them to m ake preparations according to the purposes they reached through their deliberations (Dewey, 2009). Donald Schon's ground breaking views on concepts like, 'double-loop learning', 'the learning society', and 'reflection-in-action' grew to be accepted in educational practices. In the 70s, Schon, along with Chris Argyris, came up with the concept of double-loop and single-loop learning (Schon, 1984). Single-loop learning

Indian National Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Indian National Cinema - Essay Example From the beginning of the 18th century, inventors focused on developing a motion picture, and eventually from live dramas to silent movies and ultimately the development of motion picture with sound surfaced. Since then, motion pictures have become a global phenomenon. National industries have been developed in many countries, to cater to the needs of people belonging to a certain culture and can speak a certain language. Countries where diversity in culture exists, national cinemas have been so vastly developed that movies are produced in various languages and are also translated from one local language to another. One of the best and most widely known examples of national cinema is the Indian Cinema. This article looks into the concept of national cinema and explores the Indian cinema in detail. The history of the Indian cinema, along with the analysis of the film industry from production to exhibition and the governmental infrastructure for films, has been discussed. The essay als o reflects on the dominant ideas of what constitutes cinema in India. The Concept of National Cinema Andrew Higson (1989) has presented an innovative insight into the concept of national cinema. National cinema has been referred to mean the films that are produced in a particular country. Before the 1980s the cinema was analyzed using common-sense concepts by critics (). The past decades have shown that national cinema has long served as a means of promoting non-Hollywood films. Stephen Crofts argues that coupled with the name of the director-auteur, national cinema has subserved as a way of distinguishing between the Hollywood and non-Hollywood films. Used as a marketing strategy, he contends that national cinema has vouched for the delivery of ‘otherness’- representative of the cultural differences existing between Hollywood and films from other countries (Triana-Toribio 2003). Higson observes that there is no single, universal definition of national cinema. Looking b ack at the history of how cinema has evolved, the term does not confer any updated holistic meaning. Globalization has altered the perspectives through which cinema was viewed in the yore (Carroll & Choi 2006). Now there are a number of perspectives regarding the notion of national cinemas, as Higson (1989) illustrates. The notion of national cinema can be interpreted from an economics perspective, expounding upon the link between the national cinema and the domestic film industry (Higson 1989). This comes to encompass issues such as who own the cinemas, who makes the films and where are these films shot. Another perspective of exploring and studying the national cinema is to contemplate upon the nature of the films made. The approach, being text-based, represents questions such as the theme of the films produced, the nature of the projections of the national character that they portray and the degree to which these films are able to discover, survey and build a concept of nationhoo d embedded in the films themselves as well as in the spectators. Higson observes that there is a third perspective to national cinema, entailing an exhibition-led or consumption based approach. This view looks into the type of films that are viewed the most, with specific attention being given to foreign films, chiefly those produced in Hollywood having a high-profile distribution in one particular country. Higson asserts that the criticism based approach to national cinema also exists and rates the films produced by the industry in the context of the quality of the art cinema. Higson is of the view that in order to recognize a national cinema, it is essential to detail consistency and a unison. The identification of a national

Similarities and differences Essay Example for Free

Similarities and differences Essay But Ginsberg keeps hope alive by believing that salvation is possible through unity. Ginsberg does this by calling Solomon his brother, his equal: There can only be salvation if we embrace the world as one. Like he says in line 72: ah, Carl, while you are not safe I am not safe, and now youre really in the total animal soup of time. Like Whitman, Ginsberg believed in embracing the Other to achieve a sense of oneness that is not about being the same but about recognizing the inherent rights and individuality of each person. And just like Whitman, Ginsberg was as vocal, if not more so, about homoeroticism in his poetry: who let themselves be fucked in the ass by saintly motorcyclists, and screamed with joy, who blew and were blown by those human seraphim, the sailors, caresses of Atlantic and Caribbean love, who balled in the morning in the evenings in rose gardens and the grass of public parks and cemeteries scattering their semen freely to whomever come who may†. (Howl, line 36/38) And unlike in Whitman’s poem, the reference to homoeroticism in Ginsberg’s poem is more powerful because he used direct language as compared to Whitman especially when it is considered taboo and something short of a disease at that time. Indeed, including homoeroticism in Ginsberg poem can be seen as a tool to draw people’s attention to the reality that they refuse to accept – in effect, Ginsberg is trying to make them see what they hope does not exist. More than just a homoerotic reference to Ginsberg’s personal life, reading these passages as social commentary will help more in understanding the poem’s message and the statement it seeks to make at that time and context. Both writers yearned for a world that goes beyond the material. The only salvation possible from the degrading, repetitive and alienating modern world is the acceptance of the individual and the embracing of our inherent sameness and difference. While Whitman portrayed a world that was full of promise by recognizing himself in each and everyone, Ginsberg depicted a world of counterculture to escape the stifling Molochs of modern society. He tried to find salvation in crossing the borders of language, time, society and experience. He crossed the limitations of the mind through the use of drugs and used repetition in his work to establish a quasi-religious tone or chant as an extension of the spiritual world. It is not surprising that there are many similarities between Leaves of Grass and Howl. Allen Ginsberg, after all, read Whitman and even took Whitman’s tone and style in writing his own poem. Ginsberg’s Howl is Whitmanesque in the sense that it took for its subject the individual and its quest for his rights and freedom, and also he employed Whitman’s natural speech rhythms and long lines. Whitman using free verse demonstrated his dedication to democracy, to a society not bound by rigid rules and uniformity but upheld individuality and freedom, and Ginsberg’s adopting the same showed his own perseverance to give voice to all those who want to break free from the constricting social norms his time presented. Their uninterrupted stream of consciousness writing style, without reflective interruptions that may diminish their spontaneity, rendered the truth as they saw it. To achieve this, Whitman and Ginsberg had to cross the borders of what was generally accepted as poetry. They challenged the barriers of what was considered poetry, and by doing so, made breakthrough poetry. Conclusion Considered landmarks in American literature, both Leaves of Grass and Howl are remarkably unconventional, especially taking into account the time of their respective publications. Maybe the overall theme of salvation through unity was not new, but the means through which both poets achieved this definitely were during their time. Both Whitman and Ginsberg looked for new ways towards an uninhibited expression of the mind, as the above mentioned salvation was only possible through challenging existing notions of order and social norms. Thus, by challenging the conventional rules of grammar and style in their poetry, the poets were, in effect, expressing their desire for a more liberal society, for hope for the people that through their works an emotion will be stirred within them calling out for the preservation of the human spirit and freedom of the individual. For two poems separated by a hundred year interval and which continues to make waves even today, truly, it is a magnificent feat. Finally, the poems’ survival is enough credit to show that these are literary masterpieces worthy to be read as text by themselves and not as mere extensions of their poets.

Cloning - Stronger, Smarter, and More Perfect Humans :: Cloning Argumentative Persuasive Argument

Cloning - Stronger, Smarter, and More Perfect Humans A few years ago if you were to ask someone about the possibilities of cloning they would most likely say it was impossible. This attitude towards cloning has been held into belief up until recently when scientists in Scotland cloned a sheep. And immediately after scientists in Oregon cloned a monkey (Fackelmann 276). The most major breakthroughs of the century in science has occurred and we are not ready for it. The scientific breakthrough of cloning has caused a great deal of controversy in the media and also in the government. The advantages of cloning are tremendous to the human race and cannot be ignored. I believe that cloning humans is what the human race needs to advance. Humans would be stronger, smarter, and more perfect. Scientists could remove bad genes from the parents and replace it with a good one. If one of the parents had a bad gene or hereditary disease this could be removed from the embryo and replaced with another "clean" gene. This process is called embryo screening it is used to determine if the child has received the defective gene. Several embryos could be cloned, then the DNA from one of the embryos would then be removed and standard genetic testing would be used to detect whether or not that embryo contained the genetic disease. If this cloned embryo containd a disease then one of the other embryos could be used for implantation in a parent, this guarantees that the child would be free of genetic disease (Marshall 1025). For those who disagree with cloning I am sure if there child could be saved from a genetic disease they would reconsider cloning. Imagine if one of your friends or family members was in need of a liver or kidney. Most likely you would donate your own liver or kidney to save there life. But then you are one organ short. Well this happens a lot and seems to work fine. But if they needed a new heart you might have trouble finding one. Not if you had a clone of yourself that could supply you with a new organ or maybe even a relatives organ that was naturally stronger (Cloning 1117). Someone could replace their old organs with new ones and extend their life span. Thousands of lives that could be saved if we had the technology and advanced science of cloning available. Even accepting an organ from a relative it may fail, it has to be compatible with our body system , if its your clone, then its

Appendix a – Meditation Worksheet

Appendix A – Meditation Worksheet Veronica P. Sally-Garner PSY/211 ESSENTIALS OF PSYCHOLOGY Thursday, October 20, 2011 Instructor: Terry Browning Appendix A Meditation Worksheet Directions: Locate two resources on the Internet that explain meditation techniques. Copy and paste the web address into the top of the matrix. After reviewing the website, provide a brief summary for each source. Below your summary, list two interesting facts you learned from each site. Try the techniques you located in your Internet search. Provide a brief description of what happened in your experience. Be sure to answer the two questions below the matrix also. Web Address (URL):| http://bestmeditationtechniques. org/the-basics-of-meditation| http://www. mum. edu/meditation. html? gclid=CKOsutyS-KsCFQ1U7Aod9HlUKw| Summary of resource:| Things happen so quickly in this fast-paced world. Decisions are made without thought. This could cause stress to build and affect the way people deal with life. Everyone needs to stop and take a few minutes to calm down. So if life is stressing you out, it’s time to slow down. Meditation can help relieve stress and worries. The practice of meditation is a way to be still for a while and let our minds become focused until we become calm enough to deal with the daily pressures of life. | Mediation can mean different things to different people. Mediation can be defined in three main types: focused attention- concentration, open monitoring-contemplation, and automatic self-transcending – the Transcendental Mediation Program. Transcendental Meditation also known as TM. TM is the most widely practiced, most researched, and most effective method of self-development mediation technique. Two interestingFacts: | 1. Meditation can improve Concentration. Two commonly used exercises are: Mantra – a phrase or a sound that is recited repeatedlyBreathing – achieved by inhaling through the nose, letting the diaphragm (not the chest) expand and exhaling through the mouth 2. Breathing is an integral part of meditation. Proper breathing is required in many practices of meditation and is therefore an im portant tool to be possessed by people who wish to mediate. The practice of proper breathing while meditating slows down a person’s heart rate which leads to a relaxed mood. While this may sound easy, it can be quite challenging when done for the first time. | 1. Transcendental Meditation is the most popular technique. It is practiced by people of all ages, cultures, and religions. More than five million people worldwide practice this simple, natural technique. 2. People who practice Transcendental Meditation find themselves more alert, calmer, more energetic, dynamic, yet somehow wiser, as if you have a broader perspective on their daily activities and experiences. | What happened after you tried each technique? | After trying each technique one should feel relaxed and a sense of heighten awareness. Meditation helps the mind become less distracted. | After trying Transcendental Meditation one should have more confidence and higher self esteem. | 1. Do you think meditation leads to heightened sensation and perception? Explain why or why not. ————————————————- Mediation can lead to heightened sensation and perception. Each is different but ————————————————- complements each other. Sensation is the process by which we sense through touch, smell, ————————————————- sight, taste and smell. Perception is our way of interpreting what these sensations mean and ————————————————- how to make sense of it. 2. Have you considered integrating meditation into your own lifestyle? If so, list one strategy for fitting meditation into your schedule. If not, explain why. ————————————————- I have integrated meditation into my personal lifestyle with physical exercise. Physical ————————————————- exercise promotes overall fitness, helps manage emotional stress and relieves tension.

A mother is a jewel, but a grandmother is a blessing Essay

Having a grandmother in my live is the best thing I could ever ask, my grandmother Imelda was a second mother for me, she is my follow model, I learned many things by her side. My grandmother had three qualities; she was comprehensive, very positive and big lovely person. My grandmother was a comprehensive person, she always tried to get into other shoes to understand and never judge, what a learn about this quality she had, is that people sometimes judge when they did not know the reasons of the actions that people did, that always make problems and the way my grand-mother understand people make me realized that is always better not judge if you do not want you to be judge. Also if I did something wrong, she never punished me, for example, when I crush my truck my mother yelled and punished me, and my grandmother just told me that it was an accident and live goes on. She always had the better advices when something goes wrong. Second, she was a very positive person she loved to see the family together and never see them fight, for example when my uncles fight she always interpose and try to stop them and avoid more problems. When something went wrong she always tried to do her best and saw the good way of that, for example when my uncle was kidnaped, the family did not had hope but she always told us that he would come back early. She tried to did everything what was in her hands to help family and all the people. For instance, she helped my grand-father’s workers with presents and financial support to their families. Finally, she always was a lovely person in all the ways, she loved her husband, my grand-father, until the end of his life by being and support him the last year of his life with his disease and never leave my grand-father to give up. She always support her son’s and daughters in all the possible ways, for example, one day one of my uncles got broke and he did not had a place to live and my grandmother gave him the first floor of the house to live with his wife. She treated and loved her grand-son’s equal, all days she made breakfast and dinner for all the family that wanted to went to the house, she always loved to see the family together. A grand-mother is a second mother and I thank God for giving me that blessing in my life, also I thank God for my big family, the best family and all the good advices that my grand-mother leave me to go on in life and all the beautiful memories she left me. She is not here now, she passed away 4 months ago but I am so happy had her every single day of my live until her last day. That are the three qualities of my grand-mother that I admire and miss every day.