Latin American transitions Essay Example for Free

Latin American transitions EssayBesides, scholars regard existence of effective multi-party judicatureal system in the country as a necessary portion for ensuring efficient control of the society over authorities (Randall Svasand, 2001, p. 77). For example, party development is regarded among scholars as an essential element of democratization in Eastern Europe, the development of governmental parties was an omnipresent topic especially with regard to the new democracies in Africa, Asia and Latin America (Penna, 1998, p. 108).While definitions of democracy abound and there is little agreement on which factors contribute to bringing democracy about or to its consolidation, a recurrent refrain is the vital role that is played by parties. Surveying prospects for consolidation in sub-Saharan Africa, scholars suggests the key indicator is the capacity to develop a political party system which is both integrative betwixt different communities, and competitive between different p arties (cited in Randall Svasand, 2001, p.75).Similar conclusions about the importance of parties are being expressed by many experts in the field. Moreover, the role of parties has received especial oversight in the literature on Latin American transitions. Scholars argue that in assessing prospects for democratic survival and consolidation in this region much may cipher on political parties (Armijo, 2005, p. 2024).Scholars noted one more important aspect of political activities that the extent to which political democracy and equality can be achieved in any society is a function of the distribution of access to political resources. They describe political resources as anything that can be used to influence government decisions money, wealth, social standing, honor, reputation, legal status, knowledge, cognitive abilities, information, coercive capacity, organizations, etc. (Penna, 1998, p. 105).It seems, then, that to democratize, access to these political resources must be di stributed to a wider and wider circle of the population. This allows more and more people not only to participate in the political process, but to have influence over decisions. In this situation not only high art of political authorities is in demand, but in fact democratic structure of the parties and their ability to carry out effective dialogue with other parties functioning in the developing country to achieve consensus.

The plague Essay Essay Example for Free

The plague Essay EssayThe plague that wiped out one-third of the population of Western Europe in the 14th century was nondiscriminatory. Many reasons contributed to the large number of deaths. The plague was a turning point in Europe soci totallyy, economically and culturally. There were several ways in which the plague affected Europe. One of the reasons the plague affected Europe was socially. This was the by-product of a single flea bite. Erasmus of Rotterdam states, The plague and sickness in England is due to the crock in the streets and the sputum and dogs urine which could be close to the correct answer because the fleas infected the rats and then the rats infected other animals which then infected the humans. Giovan Flippo a physician seemed to think people in higher positions would try to take power from some and frighten others. With so many deaths, Europe was socially devastated. Economy was another(prenominal) reason why the plague affected the people of Europe.Si nce the rich fled, death was principally directed towards the poor explains French author Nicolas Versoris. This means the poor were left-hand(a) to die and infect more of the poor people while the rich were able to flee. According to M. Bertrand, physician at Marseilles argues The plague must be considered a particular chastisement exercised by an angry god. Meaning that it was gods way of showing his anger by taking the lives of people. Again, the plague took the lives from all walks of life, whether rich or poor. So many people died that there werent enough people to do jobs therefore a labor shortage occurred. lastly culture played another significant role.Cultural beliefs play an important part in the decision making process for people. sent me a miniscule piece of bread that had touched the body of St. Domenica. I fed it to my husband and suddenly the fever broke, mentioned Lisabetta Centenni, Italian housewife. She believed that her husband was cured by the sanctum piece of bread because it touched the body of St. Domenica. A French physician, H. de Rochas seemed to think that wearing toads around the necks of the infected would draw the venom of the plague out of their bodies.

Importance of Exercise for the Elderly: Literature Review

Importance of Exercise for the Elderly Literature ReviewSports studies with businessChapter 1 IntroductionThe importance of visible activity and natural fitness in terms of health and longevity have been linked since the earliest records of organized exercise used in health promotion (which were) found in China around 2500 B.C. (Hardman et al, 2003, p. 3). Hippoc considers, who is often called the Father of Modern medication, wrote all break offs of the body which have a function, if used in moderation and exercised in labours in which each is accustomed, become thereby healthy, head-developed and long time more slowly, but if unused and left idle they become liable to disease, defective in growth and age quickly (Hardman et al, 2003, p. 3).The link between exercise and health has been a long established concomitant in medicine that also traces back to Cicero in 44 BC (who was himself echoing Aristotle) who believed that health as angiotensin converting enzyme ages is improved by having a good diet along with exercise and mental stimulation (Harlow, 2006). In position, Cicero saw old age as something yet to happen to him when he was in his sixties and writing his treatise in an consequence when less than seven portion of the existence reached sixty (Harlow, 2006). The preceding three instruments of diet, exercise and mental stimulation as menti geniusd by Cicero are ingredients that are present in when one constituenticipates in sports.The subject of elderly intricacy in sporting activities in the unify commonwealth represents one of considerable importance as the percentage of senior self-aggrandisings increases in proportion to the UKs total population. This examination shall seek to equate the participation rates for sports in the unify Kingdom, delving into how, and if cordial class represents a contributing factor concerning the potential of this multitude active in sporting activities in later keep. The prospect of s port participation in later life shall also be undertaken along with whether social class enters into this facet as nearly concerning participation rates.The importance of age is impacting the population in the coupled Kingdom whereby the number of race over the age of 65 has increased to 16 percent, with the age group 85 and old comprising 12 percent of the total population (National Statistics, 2007). The signifi lotce of the prior is that people are living longer as a result of better nutrition, health care, and living conditions as well as life styles (Quanten, 2004). Interestingly, Quanten (2004) makes the note that medical science has determined that our basis for calculating the longevity of ancient civilizations is faulty in that the technique utilized in estimating age was based upon osseous tissue density. The bone samples ordinaryly belonged to middle aged men and women, thus the formula utilized to determine age was based upon the weakening of said density which was long-playing then than it is now (Quanten, 2004). Thus it was found that the estimation of age has been seriously under represented, putting the average life span of early man in the range of somewhere between 80 and 100 twelvemonths, meaning that in modern terms civilization has lost ground in aging as opposed to gaining, as was the consensus of thought (Quanten, 2004). Evidence supporting the preceding in todays world can be found in the fact that there are many examples of individuals living to 120 to 130 years, with the vast majority of them living in extreme conditions where a high degree of physical labour is required for survival, as represented by jungles untouched by modern society, and harsh climates as found in Northern Russia (Quanten, 2004). The common fact linking the ancient get wind and present day examples of individuals living 120 to 130 years is that their environments were and are more physical in their demands, with the lifestyles requiring more exercise.K ligman and Pepin (1992, pp. 33-34, 37-44. 47), the American College of Sports Medicine (1998, pp. 992-1008), Dishman (1994, pp. 1087-1094) and Nelson et al (1991, pp. 1304-1311) along with numerous other sources all attest to the benefits of exercise in early life as well as throughout life as beneficial in staving off disease as well as prolonging life. Studies as undertaking by Shepard (1993, pp. 61-64) and, Paffenbarger et al (1989, pp. 605-613) for example, cite incidences in Finland as well as Harvard University in the United States where those who consistently exercised lived on average 2 to 3 years longer that their more sedentary counterparts.The prior brief examples and analysis of age and exercise has been conducted to provide an initial foundation for understanding the framework of this examination which shall delve into elderly sports participation rates in the United Kingdom. The topic of this study is to attempt to determine, if possible, how social class affects the likelihood of doing sporting activities in later life, with its aim to see if social class does have an diverge on people taking/carrying on sporting activity in this context. In conducting this examination, the foregoing also seek to compare individuals in the age group representing 55 years of age and in a higher place who participate in sporting activities against those who do not through a comparison of their social class backgrounds as represented by working middle class and upper middle class classifications to determine if any correlation exists.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewResnick et al (2006, p. 174), in Screening for and Prescribing Exercise for Older Adults advise that there is substantial scientific evidence that supports the benefits of exercise in maintaining function, health, and overall quality of life for older adults. The article advises that physical activity represents one of the greatest opportunities to extend an individuals active as well as independent life and reduce the incidence of dis capability, and that regular physical activity by older adults are more likely to have better health (Resnick et al, 2006, pp. 174-182). In spite of the clear(p) evidence of the preceding, most adults do not participate or draw in either sport or physical activity, and unfortunately the prescription of a regular physical regime is not yet a routine clinical practice (Resnick et al, 2006, pp. 174-182). The article went on to state that the best methodology via which to engage in a sport or physical exercise is to counterbalance seek the aid of a physician to reach a determination of ones present medical and physical state in order for a person to understand the types of activities they should / can engage in, as well as seeking help with a program to ease them into a proper regime.The Council of Europe (1993) defines sport as encompassing all forms of physical activity which includes daily participation for which the aim of the activity is t o improve physical fitness and mental well-being along with the formation of social relationships and or obtaining competitive results. As such, the foregoing expands what one traditionally understands as the defintion of sport into a broader context that includes individual sport as well as fitness activities that include genuine bounce activities, and aerobics along with walking and cycling (Rowe et al, 2004). The Council of Europes (1993) definition includes informal and casual participation, along with the more serious club and professional pursuits (Rowe et al, 2004). The study conducted by Rowe et al (2004) defined participation as at least once a week in the activity, and found that the evidence collected indicated that the United Kingdom had moved towards stagnation with attentiveness to participation levels. The pursual chart reflects these findingsTable 1 Sport, Game and Phyisical Activity Participation in the United Kingdom(Rowe et al, 2004)The preceding indicates the fluctuating levels of particpation occuring at the rate of at least one time a week over a four week period for the indicated periods. The following Table shows the foregoing, but excludes walking.Table 2 Participation in Sports, Games and Physical Activity(Excludes walking)(Rowe et al, 2004)Social class differences explored in the study by Rowe et al (2004) showed a marked difference in sport participation between the highest and lowest social classifications, as one would expect owing to differences in the ability to spend time on pursuits as a result of disposable income and time, in addition to living closer to facilities and or having the transportation and or a circle of friends who also participate, thus making sport an increased part of their lifestyle.Table 3 Differences in Social clear up, Sport Participation 1987 1996(Rowe et al, 2004)Table 4 Projected Chanages in Number of Sport Participants between 1996 2026, Based on Trends Established 1990 1996(Rowe et al, 2004)The total number of estimated particpants in varied sports activity is shown projected into the year 2026 in the above Table. The increased number is due to the rise of the number of people in these age groups as opposed to actual increased participation (Rowe et al, 2004). Older aged individuals, as shown by Tables 1 and 2 have significantly lower sport activity participation rates which to a turgid degree, as expressed in the study conducted by Rowe et al (2004), is due to reduced participation in their social group, aliments, lack of income, non-inclusion in their lifestyle as well as being uninformed that sport and exercise represent a healthful benefit that should be continued throughout an individuals life.Thurston and Green (2004, pp. 379-387) support the previous contention of the development of more active lifestyles for older individuals, as does the Department of Health (1995) in their document more than People, More Active, More Often. Physical Activity in Engla nd, and Department of Health douments in the years 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002 that all make references to the overwhelming evidence that indicates that frequent and regular physical activity is beneficial to health. The foregoing includes an increased life expectancy, diabetes, control over obesity, reduction in coronary heart disease, positive health outcomes, increased mobility and coordination as well as other benefits (Thurston and Green, 2004, pp. 379-387). Studies have shown that even if an adult begins sport and exercise programs as late as 60 years of age they can improve their life expectancy by 1 to 2 years, however 40% of adults in the above 60 year age group do not partake in such a regime even if they were aware of the benefits (Thurston and Green, 2004, pp. 379-387).The understanding of the importance of the older generation as a part of the overall national profile as well as economic, health, medical and social system, the House of Lords published is document titled A ging Scientific Aspects, in 2005 (House of Lords, 2005). The Report stated that the economic implications of changing life expectancy are of great importance , with the urgency of these matters made plain from statistics that point out for the first time the number of people in England and Wales aged 60 and over was greater than the number aged under 16 (House of Lords, 2005). When the figures for what is termed the oldest old, meaning individuals above the age of 85 are included, the implications are even more strikingTable 5 Oldest Old Comparisons, UK and the World(House of Lords, 2005)The growth rate of the aging population in the United Kingdom is outstripping the global rate to the point whereby the UK is projected to reach a figure of 20% of its total population in 2020, full thirty years before the global population will reach that figure, thus making the prospect of old age health an important one for the country.Table 6 Life Expectancy, United Kingdom(House of Lords, 2005)The above Table indicates that the life expectancy in England is higher when counted alone. In examining the elderly sports participation rate for the older population in the United Kingdom utilizing social class distinctions, it is important equate the defining aspects of these groups. The following defines the preceding as found in the House of Lords document Aging Scientific AspectsTable 7 Social Class Segments(House of Lords, 2005)Table 8 Life Expectancy by Social Class(House of Lords, 2005)The preceding Table represented an aid in the later determination of social class and if this factor has any bearing, and or influence upon participation in carrying on sporting activities in later life. The House of Lords report on Aging Scientific Aspects did indicate through the study of varied reports as well as consultations that it came to the conclusion, which is a consensus view, that aging is caused by lifelong accumulation of molecular and cellular damage as opposed to the theory of a rigid inner clock (House of Lords, 2005). Importantly, the Report indicated that the process of aging is more malleable than has been generally appreciated and that the mechanisms governing health in old age are processes that are ongoing throughout the lives of individuals (House of Lords, 2005). In reference to the implications of this examination, the Report summarized what appears to be a consensus view regarding the key factors promoting good health as well as slowing down the ageing process as (House of Lords, 2005)physical activityhaving a social role and functiongood nutritionabsence seizure of risk factors such as smoking and drinking to excess andgood mental health and well-beingThe Report stressed that physical activity represents a key facet of good health and is the major modifiable influence on health in old age (House of Lords, 2005). In making such a statement the Report referred to The Royal Society of Edinburgh which stated that exercise has b een shown as being a critical factor in maintaining as well as modestly increasing bone density of adults, and more importantly can aid in the minimization of bone loss in older individuals (House of Lords, 2005). The overall Report on Aging Scientific Aspects provided key background information that proved helpful, with regard to general information, and indispensable with regard to demographic groups, exercise, and the political relations recognition of the importance of the issue as well as the specific and key identification of key points.With regard to sport, the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (2007a) aims to assist wider sports participation, and in regard to the focus of this examination, to promote sport at the grassroots level, which has implications concerning facilities that the older generation either has available, and or needs (Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 2007b). In its Report Where are we Now The State of Sport Today, it clarifies that the gove rnment does not run sport, but recognizes it as an important factor in the health, and well being of children, adults, and the older generation (Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 2007b). Overall, across all age and demographic groups, the United Kingdom ranks in the middle of the European Union in sports participation by the general public, as shown by the followingTable 9 European Union General Population Sport Participation(In Percent)(Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 2007b)In terms of intensity, individuals in the United Kingdom participate in sports on a less regular basis, and with less intensity (Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 2007b). The last aspect does not have applicability with regard to older adults, however the former is a telling statistics concerning its bearing on older sports participation.Table 10 UK Sport Participation(In percent)(Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 2007b)Rate of IntensityThe following table indicates the rates of p articipation of residents in the UK.Table 11 Competitive and Organized Sport Participation in the UK(Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 2007b)The Report indicates participation rates among social economic groups varies, however it does not break out these statistics into age groups.Table 12 UK General Population Sports Participation by Social Economic host(Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 2007b)Table 13 UK Sport Participation by Ethnic Minority(Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 2007b)Sport England (2005) undertook a study that systematically reviewed published and unpublished research studies regarding children, and adult reasons concerning participation as well as non-participation in sport, which this examination utilized to add to the other research and literature sources. An important facet that was identified in the study was one representing an individuals personal appearance and proficiency levels. The preceding two aspects are generally overlooked fa ctors that are a part of a persons sport participation consideration. The very real concern of having an unfit body, being out of shape, not able to conduct certain aspects of sport participation performance on a level that could potentially lead to personal embarrassment, are very real concerns that could and do enter into dissuading individuals from participating in a sporting activity (Sport England, 2005).Facilities and availability are also factors that enter into the participation equation, along with costs. For example, the incidence of parks, walkways, golf, tennis, cricket, bicycle paths, gym facilities and the like are more likely to be located near to upper income neighbourhoods than lower income

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF VODAFONE

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF VODAFONEVodafone Group Plc (Vodafone) was founded as a subsidiary of Racal Electronics Plc in 1984. It became independent of the gild in 1991 then varyd its name to Vodafone Group Plc. Today, as a British multinational mobile network operator with headquarters in Newbury, England, it is known as one of the worlds leading telecommunication companies by revenue.It ope straddles crosswise the globe where it offers a identify of communication services dealing horrendousctly with consumers and offering services for businesses. Its consumer customers are classified into prepaid and contract and its business customers range from small office-home-office (SoHo) and small-medium enterprises (SMEs) to corporate and multinational corpoproportionns (MNCs). Its products and services includes messaging, voice, data, devices to help customers in meeting total communication needs and fixed line solutions. In all, its customer baseborn total 341.1 million proportionate customers all everyplace the globe (www.vodafone.com).The companys vision is to become the world leader in communications (www.vodafone.com).In this paper, we look to pronounce the performance of Vodafone for the periods ending thirty-first March 2009 and 2010. Evaluation testament be based on financial and non financial factors including appoint ratios and SWOT analysis for a more coherent outlook. Recommendations will then be made based on the performance analysis.CALCULATION OF KEY RATIOS (all figures are in m)Profitability ratios make profit molding this is calculated by expressing the gross profit made in the year over sales multiplied by atomic number 6.20102009(15,033/ 44,472)* hundred = 33.80%(15,175/ 41,017)*100 = 37.00%Operating profit moulding calculated by expressing profit before interest and tax over sales multiplied by 100.20102009(9,480/44,472)*100 = 21.32%(5,857/41,017)*100 = 14.28%Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) calculated by dividing profit before inter est and tax over total asset less sure liabilities all multiplied by 10020102009(10,186/156,985-28,616)*100 = 7.93%(6,608/152,699-27,947)*100 = 5.30%Gearing calculated by dividing long term debt over equity20102009(28632/90381)*100 = 31.7%(31749/86162) = 36.8% liquidity calculated as current asst over current liabilities and the dit test ratio calculated as current asset less stock over current liabilities20102009(14,219/28,616) = 0.5(14,219-433/28,616) = 0.48(13,029/27,947) = 0.47(13,029-412/27,947) = 0.45Price earning (P/E) calculated as average share expense for the period over earnings per share (EPS) EPS is calculated as profit for the year over number of issued share20102009P/E (132/16.11) = 8.19(136/17.17) = 7.92http//www.vodafone.comEVALUATION OF THE RESULTSFINANCIALProfitability ratioGross profit margin relates to the trading profit of a firm to its sales. Generally, it should be steady year and year and any wide variation investigated (Cox and Fardon, 2007). In the case of Vodafone, there was a fall in this ratio from 2009 to 2010 from 37% to 33.8%. This fall dope be attributed to the increase in cost of sales of 13.92%, nearly twice as high as the increase in sales of 8.42%. Further investigation is need to ascertain the increase in cost of sales.On the contrary operating profit margin nearly treble from 14.28% in 2009 to 21.32% in 2010. This margin highlights how effectively a firm has managed its cost of operations. It would look like Vodafone has managed cost effectively however the increase is due to a fall in impairment loss of approximately 64% on goodwill. In 2009 there were a lot of adverse events e.g. economical down turn. differently all cost remained fairly the same only slightly higher in 2010.ROCE increased from 5.3% to 7.93% in 2010. It is good as it reflects that Vodafone has the ability to earn a return on all smashing employed increasingly. Investors should be happy in this respect as it means their investment is been put to good use. What will be more helpful is a five year trend and knowing that the 7.93% is at least equal to the return on a depose account (Cox and Fardon, 2007).Gearing ratioThis ratio decreased by 13.9% to 31.75% in 2010. Long term borrowing fell 9.8% over the period, mainly due to a sharp fall in other liabilities, while equity increased by 4.9%. Higher gearing means less secure equity capital partly because repayment and interest make debt costly and partly because strictly speaking it can be recalled at any time. Although there is no authorize standard to judge acceptable gearing level, when gearing exceeds 100% it tends to worry investors (Cox and Fardon, 2007). Thus, in this case Vodafone has done well although five years figures will divulge us a clearer trend.Liquidity/ acidic test ratioLiquidity is the ability of a firm to pay off current obligation. Both the acid test and current ratio increased from 2009 to 2010. However, both ratios fall short of the rule-of-thumb that current ratio should be 21 (0.5 in 2010 and 0.47 in 2009) and acid test 11 (0.48 in 2010 and 0.45 in 2009). It shows Vodafone is not liquid. This is not a problem as such because in the telecommunications patience there are relatively few current assets and this contributes to low current ratios (Costea, 2006). For a meaningful conclusion a five year tread and industry average is necessitate.P/E ratioThis ratio represents the markets view of the growth potential of the company, its dividend policy and the degree of risk involved in the investment (Alexander, Britton and Jorissen, 2007). High P/E ratio means investors have good feelings about the factors mentioned, i.e. good growth opportunities, relatively safe earnings etc (Brealey, Myers and Allen, 2008). In the case of Vodafone there has been an increase in the ratio by 3.4% to 8.19 which highlights that investors are confident in the company. Again five years trend and comparison to the industry average will give a more meani ngful conclusion.NON FINANCIALSWOT analysis forms the basis of this section. summary of the financial statement and research by datamonitor show that there has been little change in the SWOT of Vodafone between 2009 and 2010 (see appendix 1).StrengthsVodafone has strong international brand recognition. in an age where branding is key element of marketing this is a key strength. In 2009, in Brand finance global ranking, the Vodafone brand came 8th as most valuable brand. In 2010 it moved up to 7th position. It has genuine a set of guidelines, to enable the consistent use of the Vodafone brand, in areas such as advertising, retail, online and merchandising and ensured it has a strong customer focus. The company also has all-embracing global reach and diversified revenue base. It has equity interests in over 30 countries and over 40 partner markets worldwide. It operates in three geographic regions Europe, Africa and substitution Europe, Asia Pacific and Middle East and also has a n investment in the United States. This reduces business risk and provides synergy. Furthermore, it is a leader in its markets meaning it understands its market.WeaknessesThe company continues to be a part of legal proceedings which eats into the companys profits. In 2004, Vodafone 2, one of the subsidiaries initiated a legal action to an enquiry by HMRC with regard to the UK tax intercession of its Luxembourg holding company, Vodafone Investments Luxembourg SARL (VIL), under the CFC Regime. The enquiry is ongoing and a provision of 2.2bn has been and was made in 2010 and 2009 accounts. This event shows Vodafone as an irresponsible company trying to evade taxation.OpportunitiesStrong growth has been visualize for the mobile advertising market with mobile phones becoming the centre of digital convergence. Indeed, compounded growth forecast for the USA alone is 70% for 2008-2013. This is good news for Vodafone as it has been focusing here in recent times and then, offers the potent ial to increase revenue in the future.The penetration of third generation technology (3G) has been increasing in recent times. It allows service providers to provide many services including mobile TV and VoD. The penetration rate of 3G in advanced economies is forecast to increase from nearly 30% to 60% between 2008 and 2013. At present Vodafone is an active leader in this market and thus is taking advantage of this.ThreatsThe telecommunication industry is highly competitive. In addition technology is constantly changing and if one is not careful one can be out of competition. Competition is also very high because markets are becoming saturated and thus marketing is shifting towards customer retention sort of than acquisition. This is particularly so in the European market where Vodafone generates considerable revenue.RECOMMENDATIONComparing the companys performance over a 2year period with the ratios can result in a highly inaccurate conclusion. For instance, is the fall in gross profit a one off occurrence within five years or has it been falling only rising in 2009 and falling again in 2010. If this is the case then there is a big problem. This being the case, it is recommended that the company disclose the analysis over 5 years for more informative conclusion. This is not to say that the one off occurrence in gross profit margin does not need attention. Also although the company may be doing well it may be below industry standards and thus industry average is necessitate to ensure this is not so and if it is then the company will know where to work on. This is particularly the case for Vodafones liquidity. The company is not liquid. Is this in line with industry average? Perhaps further liquidity test is needed.It is also recommended that the sharp rise in cost of sales is investigated. A breakdown of the cost is needed to know which element(s) is the culprit to determine what can be done about it.CONCLUSIONOverall Vodafone performed better in 2010 than it did in 2009. This should be commended as the economic environment has not been all that favourable. The company was profitable improving in both its operating profit margin and ROCE with the exception of gross profit margin falling. This has been commented on above. Improvement in the ROCE showed Vodafone to have made extensive use of capital employed. It has kept its gearing level under control and according to the price earnings ratio, investors are confident about the future prospect of the company and this is reflected in the increase in current share price of the company as is in appendix one.Once again Vodafone can be commended for maintaining and building on its strength extending global reach, maintaining its lead and increasing its brand value. This has definite shock on its ability to improve its profitability and do well despite performing in a mature, highly competitive environment with a dire climate. It is rather unfortunate that none of its strength or opportuniti es can eradicate or minimise its weakness. Vodafone needs to take care when calculating and recognising tax ensuring that it has prudish internal controls to ensure all rules and regulations are adhered to as fully as possible.ReferencesAlexander, D., Britton, A. and Jorissen, A. (2007) International Financial Reporting and Analysis, capital of the United Kingdom Thomson Learning.Brealey, R. A., Stewart, C. M. and Allen, F. (2008), Principles of Corporate Finance Singapore McGraw-Hill.Costae, Adrian The Analysis of the Telecommunication Sector by means of Data Mining Technique, 2006, Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods, pp.144-150Cox, D. (2007) Accounting the basics of financial and management accounting. Worcester Osborne Books LtdDATAMONITOR (2009) SWOT analysis, April 2009. London DATAMONITORhttp//www.lse.co.uk/SharePrice.asp?shareprice=VODshare=vodafone_grphttp//www.vodafone.com/etc/medialib/agm_09.Par.22820.File.dat/VF_Annual%20Report_2009.pdfhttp//www.vodafone.com/etc/med ialib/agm_10.Par.86506.File.dat/vf_ar2010.pdfLondon Stock Exchange (2010), 3 months Vodafone Share Graph. London Stock Exchange, Accessed 11 August 2010.Vodafone Group Plc. (2009) Annual Report For the year ended 31st March 2009, Vodafone Accessed 10 August 2010.Vodafone Group Plc. (2010) Annual Report For the year ended 31st March 2010, Vodafone Accessed 10 August 2010.

Csr Case Study On Ikea Management Essay

Csr Case Study On Ikea Management EssayThis report identifies Corporate amicable Responsibility (CSR) as a demanding topic that has move from ideology to reality and is acknowledged as a signifi goatt dimension of contemporary patronage practices and has been recognized as an important tool for subscriber line excerption in the 21st century. This report takes into deep understanding of CSR by depicting a pass map of impression subjects with relate issues and implementation based on the principles of CSR and discusses planly on its characteristics pros and cons theories and approaches justifications and fundamental principles. This report gives an insight on the significance of CSR and examines in particular about the expected key potential gains from its operational usance followed by the discussion on the problems and barriers that CSR generally faces .Finally the report chooses the case study on IKEA and discusses in depth about its CSR experiences by studying its devel opment and scheme dimensions of CSR in corporate favorable agenda(strategic and responsive forms of CSR) and analyses IKEAs responsibilities as integral elements of strategy with a brief discussion on CSR communication. The plan of CSR has widened its scope and its increasing orbiculate demand makes us to realize the responsibilities of a firm with its dimension towards accessible, economic and environmental impacts.INTRODUCTIONThis report identifies Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a hot topic and the reason for choosing CSR is due to its high write earnment in the academic domain and most of us feel CSR as an despotic necessity to define the roles of organizations in Society and apply their responsibilities to their channeles in terms of social, ethical and legal standards. Moreover, CSR has become a globalised concept and achieved business prominence because of its geographical prevalence from US origin to its widespread suitability and establishment in Europe. This report structures the content to understand the concept of CSR by depicting a road map of core subjects with related issues and implementation based on the principles of CSR and discusses briefly on its characteristics pros and cons theories and approaches justifications and fundamental principles. This report gives an insight on the significance of CSR and examines in detail about the expected key potential gains from its operational use followed by the discussion on the problems and barriers that CSR generally faces .Finally the report chooses the case study on IKEA and discusses in depth about its CSR experiences by studying its development and strategy dimensions of CSR in corporate social agenda(strategic and responsive forms of CSR) and analyses IKEAs responsibilities as integral elements of strategy with a brief discussion on CSR communication.UNDERSTANDING CSRThe term CSR seem to be new notwithstanding research predicts that there has been an evolution of its concept t hroughout m whatsoever decades. stylus back in 30s of last century, the focus of commercialiseing was initially on distribution and logistic, that was about how to provide some products at minimal cost. With the total tradeing, the amount of money of attention is to set on the selling systems on the marketing mix comprising the 4 Ps Price, Products, Place, Promotion.Social marketing emerged in the 70s whereby the company regulates on the semipermanent interests of stakeholders internally as well as externally. A stakeholder could be any individual or a group, who can influence or get influenced by behavioral impacts of an organization. The categories of the companys stakeholder be shown in the table belowCompanys Organizational structure and locationInvolvement in the channel activityInternalExternal machinateSh areholders,investors,managers,employeesCustomers,Lenders,Tax agenciesIndirectConsultants,Suppliers,contractorsCommunity,NGOs,MediaGeneral publicProfessional bodiesThe impact of any organization on the society through their operations, products or services rendered by associating with stakeholder groups much(prenominal) as customers, suppliers, employees, investors and community and this can be displayed in the form of a diagram belowSource Mallen Baker (2007)Different terms and ideas are associated and so it is difficult to define CSR due to ambiguity in the CSR field of research. There is always a problem to stick onto universal definition of CSR as the concept tells from mere compliance with law to pure Philanthropy. Corporation refers to group of members acting as an individual, be it for business or elsewhere. Philanthropy has little to do with CSR because unselfishness is about how a company spends its money and CSR is about how a company generates money and how responsibly they conduct their business in doing so.However, European commission identifies CSR as a broad concept and recognizes, CSR as a concept whereby companies integrate so cial and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interactions with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis(Commission of the European Communities 2001).WHAT CSR IS NOT?1. It is not an alternative for the regulation of companies2. It is not a replacement for how companies should manage their social,ethical and environmental impacts3. It will not give birth the worldCHARACTERISTICS OF CSRThe main features of CSR can be summarised as shown in the table belowFeaturesDescriptionTriple-bottom-linestinting, social and EnvironmentalVoluntaryAll activities are interpreted up voluntarily.Stakeholders integrityConnecting all parties involved.Long-term actionCarrying activities over a long-term period.CredibilityEnhances the credibility of the firm.PROS AND CONS OF CSRArguments for CSRArguments against CSREnhances reputation in society.Solves the problems caused by business in society.Stabilises corporate power with responsibility.Increases long-term profitabilityBeyon d government regulations.Adjusts to imbalanced demands of stakeholders.Improves environmental conditions.Business should be meant for profit maximization.Enforces unequal be among competitors.Stakeholders compelled to hidden cost.Business may insufficiency social skills.Makes to forget the aims of the businessSocial responsibility cannot be a legal responsibility.Places responsibility on the business but not on individual.CSR THEORIES AND APPROACHESThe focus on economic, political, social and ethical aspects in social reality aspects according to Parsons (1961) are primarily based on four features that can be perceived in any social structure such as adaptation to the environment ,goal attainment, social integration and pattern maintenance or latency. This hypothesis led to the classification of CSR theories into four types which can be depicted in the following table with their related approaches.TYPES OF THEORIESAND ITS FOCUSAPPROACHESILLUSTRATIONINSTRUMENTAL THEORIES reduce on the economic aspect of the interaction in the midst of businessand societyAugmentation of shareholder valueThis theory argues that CSR is the only means to the end profits.It is based on wealth creation that is measured by share price.Strategies for competitive advantageSocial investments in the context of competitionStrategies based on the view of firms forthcoming natural resources.Strategies related to the bottom of the economic pyramid.Cause -related marketingConsidering Socially recognised philanthropic activities applied as an instrument in marketing policy-making THEORIES local anesthetic anestheticize on the business power applicable in the areas of politicsCorporate constitutionalismFirms social responsibilities arise from their strength of social powerIntegrative social contractAssumption of the existence of contract between the business and society.Corporate citizenshipThe firm is perceived as a citizen with participation in community.INTEGRATIVE THEORIESFocus on the in tegration of social demandsIssues ManagementFirms response to the social and political issues and their impactsPublic ResponsibilityCurrent legal procedures and public policies are considered as recommendations for social performanceStakeholder instructionStabilizing the firms stakeholdersCorporate social performanceExploring the responses from social legitimacy to social issuesETHICAL THEORIESFocus on the right factor to attain a good societyStakeholder normative theoryConsidering trustful duties towards firms stakeholdersUniversal rightsConsidering the frame spirts related to human rights, labour rights and respect for environmentSustainable development attainment of human progress by accounting present and future generationsThe common good sensation towards the common good of societyJUSTIFICATIONS FOR CSRThe prevailing justifications for CSR are shown in the picture belowMoral obligationAttaining commercial accomplishment in approaches that tribute ethical valueInsufficient assi stance to stabilize complicate competency related to social and economic interests.Varied personal values among managers and stakeholdersLicence to operateDeveloping goodwill to safeguard the consent of Governments and stakeholdersLicences and approvals are bringed for a business to operate.However, this kind of approach will have to compromise in controlling CSR agenda to the externals that lack knowledge about companys operations and competitive positioning.Encourages antisubmarine responses for time being.SustainabilitySelf-interest to encounter the present needs without compromising the future needsEfficiency on environmental issues yielding immediate economic attains.In different aspects other than environmental issues, intangible long-term results give a weak justification for short-term costs.Existing justifications focus on the pressure between the firm and society rather than bringing coordination.These generic rationales give a trivial guidance for taking up company a ctivities.FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CSRCSR mainly relies on three fundamental principles such as Economic, Social and Environmental areas. The purpose of CSR is to integrate business activity with its culture for attaining sustainability in its economic, social and environmental areas. for each one fragment of CSR includes activities, which differ depending on the type of firm and the needs of stakeholders.ECONOMIC AREA The firm is expected to behave as a transparent go- forrad .Positive dealinghip among the investors, customers, suppliers and shareholders is expected. Economic impacts at local, national and international levels should be monitored. Stakeholders and the activities of CSR in the economic area of the market are shown in the table belowEconomic area MarketStakeholdersOwners and investorsCustomers/consumersSuppliers /partnersRegulatory bodiesMediaCSR activitiesCreates ethical codexTransparencyBest practice managementPractice anti-corruptionBuild Stockholders relatio nsBuild Customer/consumer relationsBuild suppliers relationsBuild investors relationsProtect intellectual propertySOCIAL AREA Responding and tackling the behavioral mental attitudes to employees in the working environment and focuses on assisting the local community. The company influences the working standards, education, health safety and develops the cultural aspects. The stakeholders and CSR activities in the social area are shown in the table belowSocial areaStakeholders plow locationLocal communityEmployeesUnionsNon-Profit organizationsPublicCSR activitieswellness safety of the employeesHuman resources developmentGet rid of child labourFollow working standards musical accompaniment laid-off employeesAssurance of jobsSupporting social integrityCorporate volunteerismDonor shipEducating PublicImproving the quality life of employeesCreation of jobs and develop local infrastructure.ENVIRONMENTAL AREA The Company focuses on its impact on ecosystem and elements like land, air and w ater. The company feels its determination to protect the natural resources.Environmental areaStakeholdersGroups related to environmental aspects.CSR activitiesEco-friendly processing and manufacturing products and services.Agreement with regulatory and standards(ISO,EMAS)Renewal of energies policy by recycling and using eco-friendly products.Lessening the environmental impacts.Protecting the natural resources.ROADMAP FOR CSRThe following roadmap depicts the core subjects and CSR implementation based on the principles .Source vi.unctad.org/russiast09/docs/millercsr.pptCORE SUBJECTS AND ISSUESIssues related to core subjects of CSR can be depicted from the following tableCORE SUBJECTSISSUESORGANIZATIONAL organisationShareholder activismPolitical economyCross b fix investments by foreign investorsHUMAN RIGHTSDue attentivenessRisk conditionsEscaping complicityDetermining grievancesInequity and susceptible groups well-behaved rightsPolitical rightsEmployees fundamental rightsSocio-econom ic and cultural rightsLABOUR PRACTICESSocial conversationChild labourForced labourEmployment relationshipsWork conditionsSocial securityHealth and safety at employmentTraining and progress in the employmentENVIRONMENTAvoidance of PollutionMaintenance of resourcesMitigating and adapting climatic veerProtecting the reputationREASONABLE OPERATIONSAnti-corruptionSensible political implicationsGood competitionEncouraging social responsibility in the field of influenceAssessing the value for property rightsCONSUMER ISSUESAwarenessMarket sensingHealth and safety for consumer protectionConsumption sustainabilityConsumer support and solution for disputesData security and privacyEntry to necessary services corporation PARTICIPATION AND IMPROVEMENTEducation CultureCreating employment and developing skillsAdvancement of technologyIncome generationSocial investmentCommunity healthCSR DRIVERSThe key drivers of CSR are discussed in the table belowDRIVERSDESCRIPTIONProfound self-interestGenerate ethical, social and economical cohesion where markets, labour and communities are linked to work together.Social investmentSocial capitalism and contribution to infrastructure has been seen progressively as necessary part of business activity.Transparency and trustPublic perceives business as low ratings of trust. Public expectation about companys openness and accountability leads to prepare a report encompassing their performance in the areas of social and environmental issues.increase public expectations of businessPublic expects beyond the companys contribution to the economy by taxation and provision of employment.In addition to the above key drivers, the following disputation shows general drivers of CSR.Business Risk managementReputation and blemish managementLearning and innovationCost savings and operational efficiencyCompetitiveness and market positioningImproved relations with regulatorsOrganizational transformation and continued improvementIMPLEMENTING CSREach firm is u nique in its operational procedures, its awareness of CSR issues and the amount of work done towards CSR implementation.Therefore different firms adopt different theoretical accounts depending on their CSR approach.However, it adds value to the firm when CSR is implemented in a systematic route by integrating its mission, strategy, cultural, environmental and risk profiles, processes and activities. The following framework for CSR implementation gives scope to build quality and environmental management, which follows the model of plan, do, check and improve based on ISO standards .This flexible framework can be adapted by any firm as suitable for its organization.Implementation FrameworkPHASESSTEPSTASKSPlan1.Perform CSRassessmentGather a CSR management teamWork out the definition of CSRRe-examine corporate documents, processes and activitiesRecognize and connect key stakeholders2. Build up a CSRstrategyDevelop support with experienced managerial staffInvestigate others tasksDesign a format of proposed CSR activitiesBuild the ideas for scheduling and the business case for themFix on areas of roadmap, methodology and focusDo3. Explore CSRcommitmentsTake a glance on CSR commitmentsOrganize discussions with key stakeholdersDesign the group to develop the commitmentsPlan for an introductory draftCheck with interested stakeholders4. Implement CSRcommitmentsBuild an integrated CSR decision-making frameworkPrepare a CSR business planLay down the quantifiable goals and find out the measures of performance expansion slot in the employees and to whom so ever applicable to CSR commitmentsPropose and perform CSR trainingSet up workshop to address the behavioural problemsDesign for setting up internal andexternal communicationsCheck5. Authenticate and report on progressGauge the performanceHold stakeholdersReport on performanceImprove6. rate and EnhanceAssess the performanceDiscover the opportunities for enhancementEngage stakeholdersDouble-check Once a cycle completesGo back to plan and go ahead with subsequent cycleSIGNIFICANCE OF CSRThe issue of CSR initiatives and the perceptions of ethical standards have gained more attention by the management in considering approaches to strategic marketing. Usually, CSR is of growing importance towards managing the business processes and is magnetizing growing company investment. Unfortunately, marketing departments lack the skills to manage even the issues related to reputation thereby narrowing the insights. For example, pharmaceutical companies were criticised in the media for arrogance and lack of transparency. In order to rebuild its reputation, Pfizer took initiative to offer free medicines to those who were laid-off during recession. So marketing strategy expects to look for opportunities for better competitive positioning in market segments through increased customer value integrated with CSR initiatives. Majority of business leaders are focusing on CSR as a tool for specialty and competitive advanta ge leading to generate revenue.CSR is not only important in considering the consumer relationships but also scrutinizes business-to-business relationships (comprising supply chain partners) with stakeholders like investors, government and anteroom groups.CSR is an important business strategy by giving meaning and direction to day to-day operations. Satisfying each of the stakeholder groups allows companies to maximize their commitment to another important stakeholder group-their investors, who benefit most when the needs of these other stakeholder groups are being met.The business succeeds when values within the decision-making process and objectives of the organization are met. Lifestyle brand firms, in particular, need to live the ideals they convey to their consumers.CSR as a strategy is becoming increasingly important for businesses today because of three specific trends shown in the table belowTrends intelligenceChanging social expectationsConsumers and society in general expe ct more from the companies whose products they buy with the regulatory bodies and organizations in place to control corporate excess.Increasing fullnessA society in need of work and inward investment is less likely to enforce strict regulations and penalize organizations that might take their business and money elsewhere.GlobalizationThe Internet fuels communication among like-minded groups to initiate a product boycott.These three trends portend corporate success. The result of this mix is that consumers today are better informed and feel more empowered to put their beliefs into action. CSR is particularly important within a globalizing world because of the way brands are built, at a time when these values and demands are constantly evolving.CSR can therefore best be described as a total approach to business in maintaining brand dominance.KEY strength BENEFITS OF CSRThe benefits to firms, community and environment by practicing CSR can be discussed at length in the following tabl eKEY POTENTIAL BENEFITSDISCUSSIONEfficiency in risk managementCSR oversees and scrutinizes the corporate activities by effectively managing the risks involved in governance, social, economic, environmental and legal aspects in day-to-day complicated market, thereby safeguarding the supply for overall market stability. Impact analysis about a firm by considering the concerns of the parties involved is one of the better ways to tolerate in managing the risks. This ultimately sharpens the decision-making.Enhanced reputation managementReputation of a firm is mainly based on values such as trust, quality, reliability, which rebound the organizations image and brand acknowledgement and so any firm concerned about addressing the CSR issues, can manage their reputation with effective CSR management.Ability to develop the recruitment and retention of staffEffectiveness in CSR policies improvise the human resource management which has direct impact on firms image related to its products a nd services.CSR indirectly aid in executing the programs that enhance the morality and loyalty of employees who are valuable resources for companys performance.Fostering innovation, competitiveness and market positioningCSR gives positive impact in avoiding the risks by tackling diverse stakeholders who are the basic sources for generating ideas for novel products and markets thereby differentiating from its competitor, which result in competitive advantage, thus developing competitive strength based on advanced(a) business models. For instance, a certified firm with social and environmental standards improves the chance to become a supplier to specific retailers.Increased operational efficiencies and cost simplificationsBy implementing CSR, there is always an opportunity to transform waste streams into revenue streams by systematic approach of environmental aspect of renewable energies by reducing costs through recycling. Tangible cost savings signify the reduction in carbon emi ssions.Building efficient supply chain relationshipsA firm is at risk to susceptibility in its supply chain. Companies with like-mindedness can build long-term business relationships with aim to increase their profits by maintaining standards and thereby tackle the risks. large firms encourage smaller firms with whom they are related to take up CSR approach. For example, particular retailers may require their suppliers to adopt certain codes and practices.Improved ability to tackle changeCSR aids as a radar to anticipate the emerging market trends and by regular stakeholder dialogue with customers, a company can respond to any changes that occur in regulatory, economic, social and environmental aspects.Generate robust social licence to function in the communityBetter understanding between citizen and stakeholder recognition of the firms activities and objectives can render enhanced stakeholder relations, thereby giving scope for robust alliances of public, private and civilized soc iety.CSR enhances the social capital.Enhances investmentAs CSR enhances the brand reputation, it leads to raising the companys profile in the investment community. The company value can be improved through further investments.CSR approach drives the financial institutions about incorporation of social and environmental criteria into their project plan leading sharp decision-making of where to invest money and this motivates the investors to look for better CSR management.Better relations with media and government regulatorsCSR indicators act as tool for the governments to decide on obtaining export assistance contracts in some countries. In many cases, though CSR activities are beyond the regulatory requirements, governments considered CSR views to expedite the approval processes for firms in order to meet their sustainability goals by recognizing the business sector engagement as a requirement.Building customer relationshipsIn Cause related marketing the altruistic activities of th e firms can be recognized by morally conscious customers who may be flexible in paying higher prices or in reduced costs may increase their purchasing power and so CSR in broader sense has significant impact in building the long-term customer legitimacy,loyalty,trust or brand equity.Acting as a catalyst for responsible consumptionIn order to combat with the ever changing consumption patterns, company has to play a key role in achieving sustainability by the way it supplies its goods and services in the marketplace to meet responsible consumerism which considers to relate consumer rights and issues and how well the relationship between producers and consumers is received by regulatory bodies.BARRIERS AND CHALLENGESCSR implementation in a competitive world draws certain barriers and challenges which are due to Difficulty in implementing CSR concurrently with other businessConcerns in a balanced and remarkable mannerDifficulty of transparencyLack of clear communicationEconomic thought lessnessVarious instability problems in developing countriesespecially problematic for SMEsComplexity of the issues involved and so difficulty in managing the supply chain and regulating the sub-contractorsComplex set of issues asCSR covers a broad array of direct and indirect businessperformances, achievements, and so its impacts differ fromone business sector to anotherInternational differences that may lead to lack of universal word sense in examining the potential impacts of CSR. Misinterpretation due to CSR being judged differently in many parts of the world depending on different priorities. For example, Chinese consumers interpret social responsibility as safe, high-quality products, while South Africans consider it as a contribution to healthcare and education. In Australia, Canada, Indonesia and the UK the highest priority is to protect the environment. In Turkey, it is believed as an indicator for charitable donation. In U.S, France, Italy and Switzerland and most of Sout h America, the highest priority is towards fair treatment of employees.Complex set of stakeholders appealing to the business for a CSR attitudethe appropriate stakeholders need to be involvedstakeholder involvement is important, yet difficultAlways ambiguity between CSR and financial successLow voluntary acceptance of CSR can lead to green washingLack of devices to measure, monitor evaluate and report theimpactsTwo myths Smaller companies think it the responsibility of the bigger onesandIt is mainly a philanthropic exerciseHigh overheads of implementing and sustaining CSR efforts.No universally accepted frameworksSome of the main internal company barriers to CSR initiatives areExecutives recommending strategic marketing programmes that focus on CSR-based positioning must be aware of the likely barriers and challenges from those who do not believe CSR as a legitimate strategic tool.CASE STUDY CSR AT IKEAThe reason for choosing IKEA as case study of CSR work is to understand its CSR f ocus as a leading company, which ranks as the first in CSR in the Accountabilitys trusty Competitiveness Index 2008 (RCI). IKEA was selected due to its long history and experience in the area and its response to several CSR-related crises and criticisms that has enabled the organization to develop structured policies and a range of collaborations and initiatives with stakeholders and could set an example for companies aiming to develop their economic and environmental sustainability.IKEA is a value-based Swedish furniture giant that has wide recognition for its focus on cost reduction and it is a progressive company that manages to integrate its cost focus with CSR issues. This report discusses in detail about how this integration is possible for IKEA and it is interesting to know its implications for other companies who want to combine CSR into their business practices.The CSR experience gained by IKEA can make other companies to realise that CSR is not necessarily a cost addition but it is a cost-cutter, which imparts increasing knowledge on how companies can be socially responsible. The aim is therefore to analyze the

Heros Essay -- Essays Papers

pigboatsThroughout time and literature protagonists have not changed physically just now the people who are looked to as heros has. A hero is someone who goes above and beyond what is required to help someone in need. Heros come in many shapes and sizes, and carry many similar but different qualities. Heros are kind people who sincerely care for others without any alterrior motives. People who care and donate their time, energy, love, and kindness to others. Also a person who is brave, daring and courageous are considered heros. Most heros have alterrior motives. They look to things such as money popularity, repaying debt, fame or higher standard of living. Some people pretend to be a her for be a hero. They try to come off as a person who cares but usually have another agenda bes...

Amusement Parks - Something for Everyone :: Expository Essays

Amusement Parks - Something for Everyone People of all ages, shapes, sizes, financial statuses, and interests pour, in vast add up each year into such amusement parks as Disney World and Six Flags. Why the fascination with these places, even to the point of repetitive visits? Each singular has his own reason, exclusively there are a few common to all. Here in a make-believe world gage be gear up something for everyone. On stepping from a sometimes harsh, ugly world through the gates of a magic kingdom, one can do for a short enchantment anything he desires. Vicarious living, with all the thrills and dangers of adventure in faraway places or daring escapades unavailable in everyday life, is here for the price of a ticket. on that point are wild rides twisting, dipping, now fast, then slow, breath-taking, almost dangerous. For a few minutes one can live on the edge of danger, but continuously with the knowledge that safety is only inches and seconds away. Tamer rides a re available for the children of all ages who prefer their thrills in more sedate doses. There are beautiful, clean, and true-to-life (better than life?) amusements here also here everything is pretty, always works, and ends before boredom sets in. There are rides that take one through other countries, fantasy worlds, even into a mildly threatening outer space, and always with the surety of a safe return Threatening animals become friends, and are totally predictable, clean, and nicer than the real thing. One can even return to the past, seeing of course only nostalgic beauty in the good old days, and handily passing over any forbidding memories. The future can be attained in seconds, showing the wonders in store for one as a result of the marvelous technilogical advances of mankind. Of lesser importance, but still a valid reason for amusement park popularity, is the availability of food of many different types. Cuisine of exotic foreign countries is presented in a fairly reaso nable form for a decent price. Where else could be tasted a bean-paste sweet typical of Japan, a delicate, flaky Napoleon of France, or a frothy cold beer served in a bier haus of Germany?